彰所知論 1.12.3

1.12.3

西方有城名曰眾色，有大天王名曰廣目，龍神眾居。 南方有城名曰增長，有大天王名曰增長，焰鬘眾居。 餘四層級七金山等，日月星宿、鐵圍輪山、贍部洲山多羅樹所，四王部眾亦住止住，咸屬四王，是謂一部。 彼壽量者，人五十歲為一晝夜，如是壽量經五百年。 若其身量，一俱盧舍四分之一。 三十三天妙高頂上，天主帝釋住最勝處，共非天女名曰妙安，同眾天女受諸欲樂無有厭足。 復有臨戰所乘象王名曰善住，遊戲苑中所乘象王名曰藹羅筏拏（此云持地子），二象周圍各七由旬，各以八千小象眾居。 又有馬王名迅疾風，與八千馬居。 天主輔臣數三十三，是故名曰三十三天。 諸天子等耽五欲樂，若放逸時有大天鼓，鼓聲出音警諸天曰：諸行無常，有漏皆苦，諸法無我，寂滅為樂。 與修羅軍鬪戰之時，出除苦音警曰：天願得勝，願修羅敗。 宮殿城池樹集石等，如前所辨。 彼天壽量，人間百歲為一晝夜，如是算數壽一千歲。 其天身量，半踰闍那。 焰摩天者，三十三天共非天諍，此離諍故，名離諍天。 彼天壽量，人二百歲為一晝夜，如是算數壽二千歲。 其天身量，二踰闍那。 兜率陀天者，有慈氏尊紹世出世法王之位，受大法樂，謂曰兜率，是俱樂義。 人間四百年彼天一晝夜，壽四千歲，身量四踰闍那。 化樂天者，自化受用謂曰化樂。 人間八百年彼天一晝夜，壽八千歲，身量八踰闍那。 他化自在天者，受用他化，謂曰他化自在。 彼中天王威德自在，即是魔主。 人間千六百年，彼天一晝夜，壽量萬六千歲，身量十六踰闍那。 下從無間至他化自在天，謂之欲界。 耽著欲樂所食段食，故如是說。 色界一十七天者，四靜慮攝。 初禪三天者，謂梵眾、梵輔、大梵。 彼天壽量，梵眾半劫、梵輔一劫、大梵一劫半。 彼天身量，次第半由旬、一由旬、一由旬半。 二禪三天者，謂少光、無量光、極光。 彼天壽量，少光二劫（以上四天四十中劫為一大劫，以下諸天八十中劫為一大劫）、無量光四劫、極光八劫。 彼天身量，少光二由旬、無量光四由旬、極光八由旬。 三禪三天者，少善、無量善、廣善。 彼天壽量，少善一十六劫、無量善三十二劫、廣善六十四劫。 彼天身量，少善十六由旬、無量善三十二由旬、廣善六十四由旬。 四禪八天者，無雲、福生、廣果，三是凡居； 無煩、無熱、善現、善見、色究竟，五是聖居，名曰五淨居。 彼天壽量，無雲百二十五劫、福生二百五十劫、廣果五百劫、無煩一千劫、無熱二千劫、善現四千劫、善見八千劫、色究竟一萬六千劫。 彼天身量，無雲一百二十五由旬、福生二百五十由旬、廣果五百由旬、無煩一千由旬、無熱二千由旬、善現四千由旬善見八千由旬、色究竟一萬六千由旬。 始從梵眾至色究竟，皆名色界。 出離欲樂、非離色故，故名色界。 無色界四天者，無有身色亦無處所，從定分四，空無邊處、識無邊處、無所有處、非想非非想處。 彼天壽量，空無邊處二萬大劫壽量、識無邊處四萬大劫、無所有處六萬大劫、非想非非想處八萬大劫。 彼等四處謂無色界，非離定色、出離麁色，故無名色。 彼等壽量，謂歲、劫、時。 其量云何？ 時最少者名為剎那，百二十剎那為一怛剎那，六十怛剎那為一羅婆，三十羅婆為一牟休多（此云須臾），三十牟休多為一晝夜，三十晝夜即為一月，十二箇月即是一年。 劫有六種，一中劫（或名別劫）、二成劫、三住劫、四壞劫、五空劫、六大劫。 一中劫者，或贍部人從無量歲，漸漸減至八萬歲時，即成劫攝。 從八萬歲，減至十歲，謂中劫初。 復增八萬歲，減至十歲，為一轆轤。 如是增減十八數者，為十八中劫。 然後十歲至八萬歲，中劫後際前後中間，十八轆轤為二十中從。 二成劫者，始從風輪至無間獄，生一有情器世界成，經一中劫，如前已說。 情世界者，此三千界，火壞後成。

In the west is a city named Variegated Colors (Citraratha), where a great heavenly king named Virūpākṣa resides among the host of nāgas and spirits. In the south is a city named Growth, where a great heavenly king named Virūḍhaka resides among the host of Kumbhāṇḍas. On the other four tiers, the seven golden mountains, and so forth, as well as the sun, moon, stars, constellations, the Cakravāḍa iron range, and the tāla trees on the mountains of Jambudvīpa, the retinues of the Four Kings also dwell; all belong to the Four Kings, and this is called a single division. Regarding their lifespan: fifty human years make one day and night, and calculated in this way, their lifespan lasts five hundred years. As for their bodily size, it is one fourth of a krośa.

On the summit of Meru in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, the lord of the gods Śakra dwells in the supreme place, enjoying the pleasures of desire insatiably together with an asura maiden named Sujātā and the hosts of goddesses. There is also a royal elephant ridden when going forth to battle named Supratīka, and a royal elephant ridden in pleasure gardens named Airāvaṇa (translated here as 'Son of the Earth-Holder'); each elephant has a circumference of seven yojanas, and each dwells surrounded by eight thousand smaller elephants. There is also a royal horse named Swift Wind, dwelling with eight thousand horses. The lord of gods has thirty-three assisting ministers; therefore it is called the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. The sons of the gods are captivated by the pleasures of the five desires; when they become heedless, there is a great celestial drum whose drum-sound issues a voice admonishing the gods: 'All conditioned phenomena are impermanent; all contaminated phenomena are suffering; all phenomena are devoid of self; quiescent cessation is bliss.' When battling the asura army, it emits a sound that dispels suffering, admonishing them: 'May the gods achieve victory; may the asuras be defeated!' The palaces, cities, pools, trees, gatherings of stones, and so forth are as distinguished previously. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: one hundred human years make one day and night, and calculated in this way, their lifespan is one thousand years. The bodily size of those gods is half a yojana.

As for the Yāma Heaven: the Thirty-Three fight with the asuras, but this heaven is free from fighting; hence it is called the Heaven Free from Strife. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: two hundred human years make one day and night, and calculated in this way, their lifespan is two thousand years. The bodily size of those gods is two yojanas.

As for the Tuṣita Heaven: the Venerable Maitreya succeeds to the position of the worldly and transworldly King of Dharma and experiences great joy of the Dharma; it is called Tuṣita, meaning 'Joyous Together'. Four hundred human years make one day and night in that heaven, their lifespan is four thousand years, and their bodily size is four yojanas.

As for the Nirmāṇarati Heaven: creating their own enjoyment, it is called 'Delighting in Creation'. Eight hundred human years make one day and night in that heaven, their lifespan is eight thousand years, and their bodily size is eight yojanas.

As for the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven: enjoying what is created by others, it is called 'Mastery over the Creations of Others'. The king of the gods therein possesses majesty and mastery, and is the Lord Māra. Sixteen hundred human years make one day and night in that heaven, their lifespan is sixteen thousand years, and their bodily size is sixteen yojanas.

From the Avīci [Hell] below up to the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven is called the Desire Realm. Because they indulge in sensual desires and consume material food, it is spoken of in this way.

The seventeen heavens of the Form Realm are subsumed under the four dhyānas. The three heavens of the first dhyāna are Brahmā's Retinue, Brahmā's Ministers, and Great Brahmā. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: Brahmā's Retinue is half an aeon, Brahmā's Ministers is one aeon, and Great Brahmā is one and a half aeons. The bodily size of those gods is progressively half a yojana, one yojana, and one and a half yojanas. The three heavens of the second dhyāna are Limited Light, Immeasurable Light, and Utmost Light. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: Limited Light is two aeons (for the four heavens above, forty medium aeons make one great aeon; for the heavens below, eighty medium aeons make one great aeon), Immeasurable Light is four aeons, and Utmost Light is eight aeons. The bodily size of those gods: Limited Light is two yojanas, Immeasurable Light is four yojanas, and Utmost Light is eight yojanas. The three heavens of the third dhyāna are Limited Virtue, Immeasurable Virtue, and Extensive Virtue. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: Limited Virtue is sixteen aeons, Immeasurable Virtue is thirty-two aeons, and Extensive Virtue is sixty-four aeons. The bodily size of those gods: Limited Virtue is sixteen yojanas, Immeasurable Virtue is thirty-two yojanas, and Extensive Virtue is sixty-four yojanas. The eight heavens of the fourth dhyāna are Cloudless, Merit-Born, and Extensive Fruit—these three being the abodes of ordinary beings; and Effortless, Heatless, Well-Appearing, Clear-Seeing, and Akaniṣṭha (Ultimate Form)—these five being the abodes of noble ones, called the Five Pure Abodes. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: Cloudless is one hundred and twenty-five aeons, Merit-Born is two hundred and fifty aeons, Extensive Fruit is five hundred aeons, Effortless is one thousand aeons, Heatless is two thousand aeons, Well-Appearing is four thousand aeons, Clear-Seeing is eight thousand aeons, and Akaniṣṭha is sixteen thousand aeons. The bodily size of those gods: Cloudless is one hundred and twenty-five yojanas, Merit-Born is two hundred and fifty yojanas, Extensive Fruit is five hundred yojanas, Effortless is one thousand yojanas, Heatless is two thousand yojanas, Well-Appearing is four thousand yojanas, Clear-Seeing is eight thousand yojanas, and Akaniṣṭha is sixteen thousand yojanas. Beginning from Brahmā's Retinue up to Akaniṣṭha, all are called the Form Realm. Because they have departed from the pleasures of desire but have not departed from form, it is therefore called the Form Realm.

The four heavens of the Formless Realm have no bodily form and no spatial location; they are divided into four according to meditative concentration: the Ākāśānantyāyatana, the Vijñānānantyāyatana, the Ākiṃcanyāyatana, and the Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana. Regarding the lifespan of those gods: the Ākāśānantyāyatana has a lifespan of twenty thousand great aeons, the Vijñānānantyāyatana forty thousand great aeons, the Ākiṃcanyāyatana sixty thousand great aeons, and the Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana eighty thousand great aeons. These four abodes are called the Formless Realm; because they have not departed from meditative form but have departed from coarse form, they are termed 'formless'.

These lifespans are reckoned in years, aeons, and periods of time. What are their measures? The shortest period of time is called a kṣaṇa; one hundred and twenty kṣaṇas make one tat-kṣaṇa; sixty tat-kṣaṇas make one lava; thirty lavas make one muhūrta (translated here as a 'momentary interval'); thirty muhūrtas make one day and night; thirty days and nights make one month; and twelve months make one year. There are six kinds of aeons: 1. medium aeon (also called distinct aeon), 2. aeon of formation, 3. aeon of continuation, 4. aeon of destruction, 5. aeon of voidness, and 6. great aeon. Regarding the first, the medium aeon: when human beings of Jambudvīpa [decrease] from an immeasurable lifespan, gradually decreasing until reaching eighty thousand years, this is subsumed under the aeon of formation. Decreasing from eighty thousand years to ten years is called the initial medium aeon. Then increasing again to eighty thousand years and decreasing to ten years constitutes one cycle. Eighteen such increases and decreases constitute eighteen medium aeons. Then, [increasing] from ten years to eighty thousand years is the final boundary of the medium aeons; before, after, and in between, eighteen cycles constitute twenty medium [aeons]. As for the second, the aeon of formation: beginning from the vāyu-maṇḍala down to the Avīci Hell, when a single sentient being is born, the bhājana-loka is formed; this lasts for one medium aeon, as explained previously. Regarding the sattva-loka, after this trichiliocosm is destroyed by fire, it forms again.