仁王般若經疏 1.19

1.19

"At one time" is the time of the preaching of the sūtra, just as when the Nirvāṇa [Sūtra] was spoken, it was the fifteenth day of the second month. For this sūtra, it was the eighth day of the first month in the thirtieth year. There are three kinds of time: first, samaya-time, which is a long time; second, kāla-time, which is a short time; third, khalu-time, which is neither long nor short. The "time" mentioned here is samaya-time. Although various masters have engaged in far-fetched interpretations, they ultimately amount to nothing fitting. If one upholds the style of Nāgārjuna, it must be refuted, refuting the notion of explaining "at one time" as samaya. As for "the Buddha," in the language of the Buddha's country it is buddha, translated here as "the Awakened One." Having awakened himself and being able to awaken others, he is therefore called "Buddha." The Dazhidu lun says: "Buddha is a foreign word; translated here it means 'the Wise One,' who knows that which is within the count of sentient beings of the three times and that which is not within the count of sentient beings." As for "dwelling in Rājagṛha," there are three parts: first, explaining "dwelling"; second, explaining "Rājagṛha"; third, [explaining] "Gṛdhrakūṭa Mountain." As for "dwelling," there are celestial dwelling, brahma dwelling, and noble dwelling. The six desire heavens are called celestial dwellings; the first dhyāna and above are called brahma dwellings; persons of the three vehicles are called noble dwellings. Among these three dwellings, the Buddha mostly abides in the noble dwelling. There are also eight dwellings: first, celestial dwelling, dwelling in the four dhyānas; second, brahma dwelling, dwelling in the four immeasurable minds; third, demeanor dwelling, dwelling in the four bodily deportments; fourth, noble dwelling, dwelling in the three emptynesses; fifth, lifespan dwelling, dwelling in the fivefold dharmakāya; sixth, reliance dwelling, dwelling on Gṛdhrakūṭa Mountain in Rājagṛha; seventh, teaching dwelling, dwelling in the sixteen great states; eighth, buddha dwelling, dwelling in the ultimate truth. As for the term "dwelling" (zhù), temporarily residing is called being present (zài), while residing long is called dwelling (zhù); it can also be that remaining for a period is called dwelling. As for "Rājagṛha," in foreign language it is Mahā-rajagṛha. Mahā means great; raja means king's abode; gṛha means city. In the country of Magadha there are twelve cities; Magadha means "the place possessing ambrosia." In all there are twelve cities: first, the great city of Ujjayinī; second, the great city of Puṇḍravardhana; third, the great city of Ahicchatra; fourth, the great city of Puṣkalāvatī; fifth, the great city of Rājagṛha; sixth, the great city of Śrāvastī; seventh, the great city of Vārāṇasī; eighth, the great city of Kapilavastu; ninth, the city of Campā; tenth, the city of Sāketa; eleventh, the city of Kauśāmbī; twelfth, the city of Kuru. Among these twelve cities, the Buddha rarely dwelt in the latter six cities; among the former six cities, the Buddha did not dwell in the first four cities, but mostly dwelt in the latter two cities. Between the two cities, he mostly dwelt in Rājagṛha in order to repay the kindness of the dharmakāya; he dwelt rarely in Śrāvastī in order to repay the kindness of the physical body. Why is it called "the city of the royal abode" (Rājagṛha)? This city was built together by the Four Heavenly Kings and had many kings, and the Buddha is the King of the Wheel of Dharma; taking its name from the majority, it is therefore called Rājagṛha. The king of Magadha gave birth to a son who had one head, two faces, and four hands. People of the time looked upon him and thought it inauspicious, so the king tore his body and head apart and abandoned them in the wilderness. There was a rākṣasī spirit named Līlā who rejoined his body and nourished him with milk. When he grew up, he had great strength and power, and was able to conquer and assimilate various kingdoms, capturing eighty-four thousand kings and placing them within five mountains, where he established a city and ruled. Because it was the dwelling place of many kings, it is called Rājagṛha. The various causes and conditions are not just one; they cannot be completely recounted.