妙法蓮華經玄義 4.2

4.2

The holy practice of concentration is briefly threefold: first, worldly dhyāna; second, world-transcending dhyāna; third, supreme world-transcending dhyāna. Worldly dhyāna is again twofold: first, fundamental savor-dhyāna: submerged, defiled, and indeterminate; second, fundamental pure dhyāna: non-submerged, undefiled, and determinate. 'Fundamental' means the foundation of worldly and world-transcending dharmas. The Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā says: 'All buddhas achieve awakening, turn the wheel of the Dharma, and enter nirvāṇa, all within dhyāna.' If one can deeply contemplate the fundamental, it gives rise to superior, subtle, supreme concentrations; hence it is called 'fundamental'. 'Submerged' means dark realization without contemplative wisdom. 'Defiled' means generating attachment and savoring stage by stage. 'Indeterminate' means the objective realms are not clearly distinct. This has three grades: namely dhyāna, [four] immeasurables, and [four] formless concentrations; that is, the twelve door dhyānas.