法華義疏 1.173

1.173

就無學眾開文為六：一、標通號；二、唱數；三、辨位；四、歎德；五、列名；六、總結。「與大比丘眾」者，標通號也。出家未受具戒，莫問聖凡通沙彌，具戒以上凡之與聖通名比丘。今言大者，就比丘內有其大小，凡夫三果名小比丘，羅漢之人名大比丘。又羅漢有二種：鈍根羅漢名之為小，利根羅漢稱之為大。所言大者，《智度論》云「一切眾中最大故，大障礙斷故，天王等大人恭敬故」。真諦三藏云：「大有三種：一者、勝大。猶如大王勝一切人，故名為大；此諸羅漢於學無學中最勝，故名為大。二者、形量大。譬如山海以形量大，故名大山及以大海；此諸羅漢功德智慧窮高極廣，故名為大。三者、數多故名大。猶如大軍以兵眾多故稱之為大；此諸羅漢數一萬二千，故名大也。」

Regarding the assembly of adepts, the text is divided into six sections: first, presenting the general title; second, proclaiming the number; third, discerning their rank; fourth, praising their virtues; fifth, listing their names; sixth, the general conclusion. "Together with a great assembly of monks" presents the general title. Those who have gone forth but have not yet received the full ordination are all referred to as śrāmaṇeras, regardless of whether they are noble or ordinary; those with full ordination and above, whether ordinary or noble, are all generally called monks (bhikṣu). When it says "great" here, within monks there are the great and the small: ordinary beings and those of the [first] three fruits are called small monks, whereas arhats are called great monks. Moreover, there are two kinds of arhats: arhats of dull faculties are called small, and arhats of sharp faculties are termed great. Regarding what is meant by "great," the *Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa* (*Zhidu lun*) says: "Because they are the greatest among all assemblies, because they have severed the great obstructions, and because great personages such as the heavenly kings revere them." The Tripiṭaka Master Paramārtha said: "There are three kinds of greatness: First is greatness of supremacy. Just as a great king surpasses all people and is therefore called great, so these arhats are the most supreme among trainees and adepts, and are therefore called great. Second is greatness of form and measure. For example, mountains and oceans are called great mountains and great oceans because of their vast form and measure; the merits and wisdom of these arhats are supremely high and exceedingly vast, and they are therefore called great. Third is greatness on account of large numbers. Just as a great army is termed great because of its numerous troops, these arhats number twelve thousand, and are therefore called great."