法華義疏 8.35

8.35

Regarding 'He expounds all dharmas with wisdom and upāya': the third phrase, explaining the expounding of all teachings. The reason for explaining the expounding of all teachings is that the ten parables and ten benevolences above were merely the teaching of a single sphere and had not yet fully delineated the teaching; therefore, now explaining that he expounds all teachings finally exhausts it. Regarding 'all dharmas': the Da zhidu lun says, 'Conditioned and unconditioned encompass all dharmas; also, dharmas known by consciousness and dharmas known by wisdom also encompass all dharmas.' It also says, 'The five dharma treasuries encompass all dharmas: the three times, the unconditioned, and the ineffable.' The ineffable is none other than the true mark of all dharmas, which is neither conditioned nor unconditioned, transcending words and thoughts. The Saṃmatīya school says: 'The fifth, the ineffable, refers to the fourteen unanswerable questions.' The Bodhisattvabhūmi Śāstra says: 'Four dharmas encompass all dharmas: conventional truth and the wisdom of conventional truth, ultimate truth and the wisdom of ultimate truth.' Regarding 'with wisdom and upāya': the previous phrase explained the teaching that is spoken; this phrase explains the wisdom that is able to speak. 'Wisdom' refers to prajñā, and 'upāya' refers to upāya-kauśalya; these two are the father and mother of all Buddhas and the essential means of transforming beings, so they are explained. Now, taking wisdom directly as its substance and upāya as its function, he therefore expounds all dharmas with wisdom and upāya.