妙法蓮華經玄贊 4.47

4.47

出體者，《地持論》云：「謂今世人多皆短壽，極長百歲，是名命濁。」此以本識名言種子由業所引功能差別命根為體，善業力弱命根漸短，由殺生業之所感故，若諸眾生不識父母，不識沙門婆羅門及宗族尊長，不脩義理，不怖不畏今世後世惡業果報，不脩惠施不作功德，不脩齊法不持禁戒，是名有情濁。雖第八識名為有情，今說由近惡外緣故，五薀假者作惡無善名有情濁，合以第八識及五薀為性。若此眾生增非法貪，或惠刀劍成施器杖，諍訟鬪亂諂曲妄語，攝受邪法及餘惡不善法，是名煩惱濁。除五見外，所餘一切煩惱、隨煩惱皆煩惱濁體，此非法貪惠刀劍等令行殺害，或慳好財但捨刀劍，因非法貪諍訟等起，乃至及餘惡不善法，通攝一切煩惱、隨煩惱盡。由性數習，逢惡境牽煩惱尤重，若於今世法壞法沒，像法漸起邪法轉生，是名見濁。此以五見而為體性，多近外道惡見數生，若飢饉劫起、疾病劫起、刀兵劫起，是名劫濁。此以色薀四塵為體，或通五薀，仍是不相應時為其體，依四五薀而建立故，煩惱增多惡業尤重，便招惡果三災遂生。

Identifying the essential nature: The Bodhisattvabhūmi (*Dìchí lùn) states: 'It refers to people of this present era who mostly have short lifespans, at most one hundred years; this is called the defilement of lifespan.' This takes the life-faculty, which is the functional distinction of the name-and-concept seeds in the fundamental consciousness induced by karma, as its essential nature. The force of wholesome karma being weak, the life-faculty gradually shortens, which is brought about by the karma of taking life. If sentient beings do not recognize mother and father, do not recognize śramaṇas, brāhmaṇas, clans, elders, and superiors, do not cultivate righteous principles, do not fear or dread the retribution of bad karma in this life or future lives, do not cultivate giving, do not perform merits, do not cultivate the fasting regulations, and do not uphold the prohibitive precepts, this is called the defilement of sentient beings. Although the eighth consciousness is designated as 'sentient being', here it is said that due to proximity to bad external conditions, the nominal person of the five aggregates performs evil without good, which is called the defilement of sentient beings; it takes the eighth consciousness together with the five aggregates as its nature. If these sentient beings increase in unrighteous greed, or give knives and swords to make donations of weapons, engage in litigation, disputes, agitation, flattery, deviousness, and false speech, and adopt false teachings and other bad, unwholesome dharmas, this is called the defilement of afflictions. Except for the five views, all remaining afflictions and secondary afflictions constitute the essence of the defilement of afflictions. This unrighteous greed and giving of knives and swords causing the practice of killing, or being stingy with fine wealth while only giving away knives and swords, litigation arising due to unrighteous greed, etc., up to other bad, unwholesome dharmas, comprehensively subsumes all afflictions and secondary afflictions without remainder. Because by nature they repeatedly practice them, when meeting bad circumstances they are pulled along and the afflictions become especially heavy. If in the present era the true Dharma is ruined and the true Dharma disappears, the semblance Dharma gradually arises, and false teachings proliferate, this is called the defilement of views. This takes the five views as its essential nature; mostly due to proximity to outsiders, bad views repeatedly arise. If the kalpa of famine arises, the kalpa of epidemics arises, or the kalpa of weapons arises, this is called the defilement of the kalpa. This takes the four sensory data of the form aggregate as its essential nature, or extends to all five aggregates; yet it is time, an unassociated conditioned dharma, that serves as its essential nature, established as it is upon the four or five aggregates. Afflictions increasing and bad karma becoming especially heavy, they then incur bad results, and the three calamities thereupon arise.