妙法蓮華經玄贊 2.52

2.52

The commentary: Below, the aerial devas, the Yāma devas and Tuṣita devas, are called Devaputra Sovereign (Iśvara); they obtain the fruition of maturation according to whatever they mentally intend, superior to the two lower heavens—the fruition of the two lower heavens being obtained depending on trees, while now they obtain it according to desire, hence called 'sovereign'. The Nirmāṇarati devas and Paranirmitavaśavartin devas are called Heavenly Sovereign Devaputra (Devaiśvara); not taking pleasure in the fruition of maturation, they delight in transforming objects of pleasure for themselves and others and enjoying them, hence called 'Great Sovereign' (Maheśvara). Another explanation is that the lord of the Paranirmita heaven is named Sovereign Deva, and the lord of the Fourth Dhyāna is named Great Sovereign Deva. Furthermore, Sovereign Deva is a minister of Śakra, and Great Sovereign Deva is Śakra's master. If according to the latter two explanations, there are not four aerial desire-realm heavens.