大方廣佛華嚴經隨疏演義鈔 44.8

44.8

疏「頑嚚即是癡愛」，《尚書．堯典》注云：心不則德義曰頑，言不道忠信曰嚚。故頑即癡，嚚是愛也。

Regarding the commentary's statement, "Obstinate and refractory refers to ignorance and attachment": the commentary to the 'Canon of Yao' in the Shangshu states: "A mind that does not conform to virtue and righteousness is called obstinate (wan); words that do not speak loyalty and trustworthiness are called refractory (xiao)." Therefore, obstinacy is ignorance, and refractivity is attachment.