注維摩詰經 3.127

3.127

[Kumāra]jīva says: Impermanence destroys dharmas, which is why there is suffering. If impermanence is coarse, then its destruction is also coarse; if its destruction is coarse, it is not the ultimate of suffering. Now, wondrous impermanence leaves no dharma undestroyed; if no dharma is undestroyed, then dharmas cannot be destroyed, which is the utmost of suffering; dharmas cannot be apprehended, which is the utmost of emptiness. Contemplating from the standpoint of non-existence, there is no destruction and no suffering; going from existence to dispersal, this is why the meaning of suffering arises.

[Seng]zhao says: The five contaminated aggregates, being attached to and stained by saṃsāra, are called the grasped aggregates. The Hīnayāna takes the arising of the grasped aggregates and the consequent generation of all sufferings as the meaning of suffering. The Mahāyāna penetrates that the grasped aggregates, internally and externally, are constantly empty and originally without arising—who then produces suffering? This is the true meaning of suffering.

[Dao]sheng says: As a matter of fact, suffering is formed through assembly. How could what is formed through assembly truly exist? Therefore it is said that the emptiness of the five grasped aggregates is the meaning of suffering. The five grasped aggregates are the basis of suffering. Impermanence traces production down to cessation; its affairs are not uniform, and it applies generally to both contaminated and uncontaminated; therefore it is said of all dharmas. Suffering, in its very substance being non-existent in meaning, arises internally; furthermore, those who have attained the uncontaminated do not incur suffering through losing what is grasped, so it applies only to the grasped aggregates. 'Penetrating through': impermanence is verified based on the end, so it merely says 'ultimately'; suffering takes emptiness as its substance, so it says 'penetrating through'. 'Without arising': impermanence clarifies rootless transformation, its principle lying in production; suffering speaks of dharmas of provisional assembly, which is why it is paired with arising.