維摩義記 1.64

1.64

「方便品」者，從此已下第二會說。於中九品，此品之中廣顯維摩權導方便發起後說，因以標品名方便品。方便之義，汎論有四：一、進趣方便。進趣向果，如見道前七方便等。二、權巧方便。如二智中方便智等，實無三乘，權巧施之。三、施造方便。如十波羅蜜中方便波羅，所為善巧，故曰方便。四、集成方便。如《地論》說，此法巧成名方便等。諸法同體巧相集成，故曰方便。前三唯德，後一通法。今此所論，義當第二權巧方便。但權巧中義別有三：一、身方便，現形六道，無所不為；二、口方便，實無三乘，權以施之；三、意方便，現證聲聞緣覺之果，及起煩惱業苦等事。今此正明身業方便，亦兼口意，故下文言「以如是等無量方便饒益眾生」。又復此中巧化眾生，亦即是其施造方便。明此方便，名方便品。

"Upāya Chapter": from here below is the teaching of the second assembly. Within it there are nine chapters. In this chapter, Vimalakīrti's skillful means in provisionally guiding others are extensively revealed to initiate the teachings that follow, and the chapter is accordingly titled the "Upāya Chapter." Generally speaking, there are four meanings of upāya: first, progressive upāya—progressing toward the fruit, like the seven preliminary expedient stages prior to the path of seeing, and so forth; second, provisional upāya—as in the expedient wisdom among the two types of wisdom, where the three vehicles do not really exist, yet are provisionally established; third, active upāya—as in the perfection of expedients among the ten pāramitās, where what is undertaken is skillful, and is therefore called upāya; fourth, composite upāya—as the *Daśabhūmika-śāstra* states, when dharmas are skillfully brought to completion, it is called upāya, and so forth; when dharmas sharing the same nature are skillfully brought to completion together, it is called upāya. The first three are exclusively virtues; the last one pertains broadly to dharmas. What is discussed here corresponds in meaning to the second, provisional upāya. However, within provisional upāya there are three distinctions: first, bodily upāya—manifesting forms across the six destinies, with nothing left undone; second, vocal upāya—where the three vehicles do not really exist, yet are provisionally established; third, mental upāya—manifesting the realization of the fruits of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, as well as giving rise to afflictions, karma, suffering, and the like. Here it directly clarifies bodily upāya, while also encompassing speech and mind; hence the text below says, "Through such immeasurable upāya he benefited sentient beings." Furthermore, skillfully converting sentient beings here is also active upāya. Clarifying this upāya, it is named the "Upāya Chapter."