維摩義記 4.45

4.45

Question: If it is the karmic retribution of sentient beings, how can it be taken on their behalf? Because the bodhisattva abides in suffering to teach and transform them, enabling them to attain escape, it is called "taking it on their behalf." Furthermore, with regard to suffering such as imprisonment, flogging, and caning, where substitution is possible, the bodhisattva also substitutes for them.