維摩經略疏 3.57

3.57

"When among Śakras, he was honored among Śakras, manifesting impermanence": the gods of Śakra's heaven cling to pleasure and know that they will sink; Vimalakīrti was detached from desire, pure, and lofty, and therefore was revered by them. The lord of heaven preserves permanence; the Mahāsattva preached for him the fifteen contemplation gates of impermanence, as explained in the Dàpǐn and the Zhìdù [lùn]. Responding to conditions according to their capacities through the four teachings, his explanations of the characteristics of impermanence also differed: the Tripiṭaka explains impermanence as arising and ceasing, thus having fixed characteristics; the shared teaching explains impermanence as being like an illusion; the distinct teaching holds that everything up to the vajra [stage] is impermanent; the perfect teaching holds that all dharmas tend toward impermanence, and this tendency is unsurpassable. By these four teaching gates, he led them into the four lands.