請觀音經疏闡義鈔 4.5

4.5

Regarding the sūtra's 'flying like a hawk or falcon': the *Yijing* says, 'The king uses it to shoot the falcon upon the high city wall.' Kong Yingda said: 'The falcon is a rapacious bird, belonging to the genus of the goshawk and sparrowhawk.' Here it clarifies that Avalokiteśvara descends in response like that bird flying, speaking of his swiftness. Regarding the sūtra's 'prison' (lingyu, 囹圄): pronounced *ling* and *yu*. The *Guangya* says: 'The Xia called it *tai*; the Yin called it Youli (pronounced *you*), which is where King Zhou detained King Wen; the Zhou called it *lingyu*. They are all alternative names for a prison.' The *Zhouli* says: 'Prisons first began with the three kings.' The *Shiming* says: '*Ling* means to take into custody (*ling*); *yu* means to restrain (*yu*). It means taking prisoners into custody and restraining them.' Regarding the sūtra's 'and various penalties and punishments': these are the five penalties and the five punishments. The 'Royal Regulations' [of the *Liji*] states: 'A penalty (*xing*, 刑) is a mold (*xing*, 侀). *Xing* means completed; once completed, it cannot be changed.' The *Shuowen* says: 'The greater crimes are called *xing*; the lesser crimes are called *fa* (punishments).' The *Guangya* says: '*Fa* means to suppress and subdue.' The 'Punishments of Fu' in the *Shangshu* states: 'Where the five penalties are doubtful, determine by the five punishments.' Kong Anguo's commentary says: 'When not clearly verified, meaning it does not warrant the five penalties, one should determine by the five punishments.' The five penalties: tattooing the forehead with black ink is called tattooing (*moxing*); cutting off the nose is called excision (*yixing*); amputating the feet is called foot-amputation (*feixing*); castrating a man or confining a woman is called castration (*gongxing*); the death penalty is called grand execution (*dapi*). Nowadays, whipping, beating with the heavy stick, penal servitude, exile, and death are the five penalties. The five punishments are paying copper to redeem crimes. The *Shangshu* states: 'Where the penalty of tattooing is doubtful, pardon it; its punishment is one hundred *huan*,' and so forth. Nowadays, whipping, beating with the heavy stick, and penal servitude each have five grades; exile has three grades; the death penalty has two grades; and redemption with copper each has a specific number of catties. Regarding 'passing one day, etc.': this clarifies the duration of suffering affliction. [This concludes] the third dhāraṇī.