四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔 1.269

1.269

二竪標唱相。初標相者。《四分》：界相不定是非。文中，若東方有山稱山，有塹稱塹，草𧂐汪水，糞聚釘杙，空處露地；準此立法，誠所不可。何者？凡論立相，為知界限久固，作法集眾，破夏離衣護食等緣。若將空地為處，空則無相可指。必有其事，隨時準行。或是一席之法，聊知空礙兩分；必作久固處所，準用他部；并案本宗，彼此通用。《善見》云：相有八種：一山相者，下至如象大。二石相者，下至三十秤；若曼石不得，應別安石。三林相者，草竹不得，體空不實，下至四樹相連。四樹相者，不得以枯樹為相；下至高八寸形，如針大；若無自生，種之亦得。五路相者，下至經三四村。六江相者，若四月不雨，常流不絕。七蟻封相者，下至高八寸。八水相者，自然池水者得。準論徵律，城塹等緣，成相可知。既知相為結，本界家所依，結已即須牓示顯處，令後來者，主客俱委，無有濫疑。

Second, setting up markers and chanting boundary marks. First, the boundary marks: In the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the boundary marks are not determined as right or wrong. In the text, if to the east there is a mountain, proclaim the mountain; if a trench, proclaim the trench; grass mounds, pools of water, dung heaps, wooden pegs, open spaces, or open ground. To establish the procedure based on this is truly impermissible. Why? In general, establishing boundary marks is for knowing the boundaries permanently, for performing rites and assembling the community, and for circumstances such as breaking the summer retreat (varṣā), separation from robes, and protecting food. If one takes open ground as the place, then there are no marks that can be pointed to in the open space. If there are indeed such circumstances, follow them provisionally according to the occasion. Or it may be a single-sitting rite, where one merely distinguishes between open space and obstruction. But if making a permanent place, one should adopt the usage of other vinaya lineages, and, taking into account our own school, apply them interchangeably. The Samantapāsādikā says that there are eight kinds of boundary marks: 1. Mountain mark: at minimum, as large as an elephant. 2. Stone mark: at minimum, thirty chēng; loose, rounded stones are not permitted, and another stone must be set up. 3. Forest mark: grass and bamboo are not permitted, as their substance is hollow and insubstantial; at minimum, four interconnected trees. 4. Tree mark: a withered tree must not be used as a mark; at minimum, eight inches tall and as thin as a needle; if none grow naturally, planting one is also permitted. 5. Road mark: at minimum, passing through three or four villages. 6. River mark: if it does not rain for four months, it still flows constantly without drying up. 7. Ant-hill mark: at minimum, eight inches tall. 8. Water mark: natural pond water is permissible. Examining the Vinaya in light of the treatise, one can know that things like city trenches constitute marks. Once it is known that the boundary marks are the basis upon which the boundary rests, after demarcating it one must immediately post notices in conspicuous places, so that both residents and guests among later arrivals will fully understand and have no confusion or doubt.