四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔 2.239

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三所對境。《了論》解云：除自己及同類，餘三類眾生，隨一被教不被教，知比丘不得自取食食，又知此可食物，知比丘是受施人，度與比丘。若不解此義，雖與不成受。《多論》：為作證明故，若在人中，非人畜生，悉不成受。《五分》：曠野無淨人處，聽自洗燒器安水，淨人安米，自煮；若熟，從他受。《僧祇》：曠野中行，牛上受食。長袋連紐，一日一繫，置牛上，人不得觸之；至時，一比丘引繩，一比丘受取，口云受受等。《十誦》：蠅不可遮，故非觸。鳥來啄一口去，但棄啄處，餘殘得食。《善見》，天人鬼神畜生飛鳥皆成受。《五分》，迦葉從帝釋受食。《僧祇》中，獼猴邊受蜜。《十誦》，輕繫地獄，亦應得受。準此六道知解者成，反則不成。

Third, the object confronted [from whom food is received]. The *Vinayavibhāṣā* explains: Excluding oneself and those of the same class, if any one of the remaining three classes of sentient beings, whether instructed or uninstructed, knows that a bhikṣu cannot take food to eat on his own, knows that this is edible food, and knows that the bhikṣu is a recipient of alms, and passes it to the bhikṣu—[then receipt is effected]. If they do not understand these points, even if they give it, it does not constitute receipt. The *Sarvāstivāda-vinaya-vibhāṣā* states: Because it serves as a witness, among humans, non-humans and animals cannot effect receipt. The *Pañcavargika-vinaya* states: In the wilderness where there is no kappiyakāraka, it is allowed to wash the cooking vessel oneself and pour in water; the kappiyakāraka puts in the rice, and one cooks it oneself; when cooked, one receives it from another. The *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya* states: While traveling in the wilderness, receiving food upon an ox. A long sack with interconnected loops, tied once a day, is placed on an ox and people must not touch it; when the time comes, one bhikṣu pulls the cord, another bhikṣu receives it, saying verbally 'Received, received,' and so forth. The *Daśādhyāya-vinaya* states: Flies cannot be kept away, hence they do not constitute touch. If a bird comes and pecks a bite away, one merely discards the pecked spot, and the remainder may be eaten. The *Samantapāsādikā* states: Devas, humans, ghosts, spirits, animals, and flying birds can all effect receipt. In the *Pañcavargika-vinaya*, Kāśyapa received food from Śakra. In the *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya*, honey was received from a monkey. In the *Daśādhyāya-vinaya*, [beings in] minor hells can also effect receipt. According to this, those among the six destinies who have discernment effect receipt; conversely, they do not.