四分律行事鈔資持記 2.1138

2.1138

三中，《多論》，初釋時非時。四義中，初約日明出沒，餘三約乞食合宜不宜。二三約他事，第四就己行。又下，明時分不定。晝夜各九時（且約相等），《增輝》引古解云：晝夜都十八時，一時有五十臘縛，十八時總九百臘縛，三十臘縛為一須臾。（三百為十須臾，九百為三十須臾。）事同者，同下《僧祇》故。（《俱舍》一百二十剎那為一怛剎那。六十怛剎那為一臘縛。三十臘縛為一須臾，三十須臾為一日夜。）日下近地者，準《俱舍》，日月在須彌山半腹，去地四萬由旬；準此則無下義，但日行極南，望之似下；以天上南北相去有一百八十道，日於此中來去，以分八節；且為夏至日在北第一道，向南行超四十五道是立秋，又越四十五道秋分，又越四十五道是立冬，又越四十五道極南第一道是冬至。（從北至此熱減寒至甚也，所以寒者，一云南州北闊，日光多故；南狹，日光少故。又云：近須彌山邊氷山故，又云去人遠故。）從北却迴至立春春分立夏夏至，各經四十五道；還至極北，如是終而復始。

In the third section, the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya Vibhāṣā first explains "proper time" and "improper time". Among the four senses, the first clarifies [time] based on the rising and setting of the sun; the remaining three are based on whether begging for food is suitable or unsuitable. The second and third are based on other matters, and the fourth relates to one's own practice. Below, from "Furthermore", it explains that the divisions of time are not fixed. There are nine periods each for day and night (tentatively based on equal division). The Zenghui cites an ancient commentary saying: There are eighteen periods in total for day and night; one period has fifty lavas; the eighteen periods have nine hundred lavas altogether; thirty lavas make one muhūrta. (Three hundred make ten muhūrtas; nine hundred make thirty muhūrtas.) The phrase "The matter is the same" means it is identical to the Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya below. (The Abhidharmakośa states that one hundred and twenty kṣaṇas make one tatkṣaṇa; sixty tatkṣaṇas make one lava; thirty lavas make one muhūrta; thirty muhūrtas make one day and night.) As for the sun "descending near the earth", according to the Abhidharmakośa, the sun and moon are halfway up Mount Sumeru, forty thousand yojanas above the earth. According to this, there is strictly speaking no meaning of descending; it is only that when the sun moves to the extreme south, looking at it, it appears lower. This is because there are one hundred and eighty tracks spanning north to south in the heavens, and the sun travels back and forth along these to divide the eight solar terms. For instance, at the summer solstice the sun is on the first track to the north; moving south, passing over forty-five tracks, is the beginning of autumn; crossing another forty-five tracks is the autumn equinox; crossing another forty-five tracks is the beginning of winter; crossing another forty-five tracks to the first track in the extreme south is the winter solstice. (Traveling from the north to this point, heat diminishes and cold becomes extreme. The reasons why it is cold are: one says that the southern continent is broad in the north, so sunlight is abundant, and narrow in the south, so sunlight is scarce. Another says it is near the ice mountains beside Mount Sumeru; another says it is far from humans.) Returning from the north back to the beginning of spring, the spring equinox, the beginning of summer, and the summer solstice, each passes forty-five tracks; returning to the extreme north, it ends and begins again in this manner.