梵網經菩薩戒本疏 1.31

1.31

第四、明犯境差別，有四：一、約情、非情境者，謂前九全及第十少分是約情境犯，以佛、僧二寶亦是情攝故。婬、瞋各有一義及第十少分約非情犯，以謗法寶、婬屍、瞋塊俱同犯故。二、約勝、劣境者，謂說、謗二戒局勝境犯，以要說彼菩薩等過及謗三寶方成犯故。酤酒一戒唯劣境犯，以聖等勝位無飲酒故。餘七通二位，以俱有犯義故。三、約因、果境者，謂謗戒少分唯果境犯，以除僧寶故，所餘因境犯也。四、約凡、聖境犯者，第十中佛寶局聖，第五全局凡，以聖無飲酒，不可對辨酤也。所餘通凡、聖，凡中通四趣，除地獄，以彼苦報不可對故。或亦通五，以鬼等持戒亦對彼趣故。聖中二乘果向十聖，大乘六位因果通論，悉成犯境。問：對聖他心豈成誑耶？答：但對境言彰則為成犯，不問前人信與不信。又於聖誑語理重誑凡，豈得無犯？又釋境中略有十境，謂五趣生為五，并依報非情為六，又二乘、菩薩、佛、法為四，故有十。於十戒中唯瞋通十境，以於非情机等亦有瞋故。盜具九，除非情，以無主物不犯故，法物盜成故成盜法。婬通八，除佛、法，以非情死屍亦成犯，故不除也。慳亦通八，際法及非情，以無求索故，餘皆成犯境。殺、妄、說、毀此四通七，除佛、法、非情，所由可知。酤酒通五趣，除所餘。謗唯三寶亦除，餘所由並可知。

Fourth, clarifying the distinctions of objects of transgression: there are four [aspects]. First, in terms of sentient and non-sentient objects: the first nine entirely and a minor portion of the tenth are transgressions in terms of sentient objects, because the two jewels of Buddha and Saṃgha are also subsumed under the sentient. Sexual misconduct and anger each have one meaning, and a minor portion of the tenth, that are transgressions in terms of non-sentient objects, because disparaging the Dharma jewel, sexual misconduct with a corpse, and anger toward a clod of earth all equally constitute transgressions. Second, in terms of superior and inferior objects: the two precepts of speaking [of faults] and disparaging are restricted to superior objects for transgression, because it requires speaking of the faults of those bodhisattvas and so forth, or disparaging the Three Jewels, to constitute a transgression. The single precept of selling alcohol is only a transgression regarding inferior objects, because in superior positions such as the noble ones, there is no drinking of alcohol. The remaining seven apply to both positions, because both possess the meaning of transgression. Third, in terms of causal and fruitional objects: a minor portion of the precept against disparaging is transgressed only regarding fruitional objects, because excluding the Saṃgha jewel, the remainder are transgressed regarding causal objects. Fourth, in terms of transgressions regarding ordinary and noble objects: in the tenth, the Buddha jewel is restricted to the noble; the fifth is entirely restricted to the ordinary, because noble ones do not drink alcohol, so it cannot be distinguished as selling to them. The remainder apply to both ordinary and noble. Among the ordinary, they apply to the four destinies, excluding the hells, because their retribution of suffering cannot be confronted. Or they also apply to five, because ghosts and so forth who uphold precepts can also confront that destiny. Among the noble, the fruits and directions of the two vehicles, the ten noble ones, and the six ranks of the Mahāyāna, discussing cause and fruit generally, all constitute objects of transgression. Question: When facing the noble, who possess knowledge of others' minds, how could it constitute deceit? Answer: Merely speaking words when confronting the object constitutes a transgression, regardless of whether the other person believes it or not. Furthermore, lying to a noble one is in principle graver than lying to an ordinary person; how could there be no transgression? In another explanation of objects, there are briefly ten objects: sentient beings of the five destinies make five, plus non-sentient dependent retribution makes six; furthermore, the two vehicles, bodhisattvas, Buddhas, and the Dharma make four; hence there are ten. Among the ten precepts, only anger applies to all ten objects, because there is also anger toward non-sentient tables and the like. Stealing possesses nine, excluding the non-sentient, because ownerless things do not constitute an offense, whereas stealing Dharma items constitutes an offense, so it constitutes stealing Dharma. Sexual misconduct applies to eight, excluding the Buddha and the Dharma, because a non-sentient corpse also constitutes an offense, hence it is not excluded. Stinginess also applies to eight, excluding the Dharma and the non-sentient, because there is no asking for them; the rest all constitute objects of transgression. Killing, lying, speaking [of faults], and defaming—these four apply to seven, excluding the Buddha, Dharma, and the non-sentient, the reason for which can be known. Selling alcohol applies to the five destinies, excluding the rest. Disparaging applies only to the Three Jewels, also excluding the rest; all these reasons can be known.