梵網經菩薩戒本疏 6.128

6.128

八、釋文者，文中有四：一、制所修行，二、舉諸難處，三、制不令入，四、違制結犯。初中於五行內，一、總舉三門，二、別釋四事。前中二：先標所作。「二時頭陀」者，謂春秋二時。頭陀者，此翻名「枓櫢」，謂枓櫢煩惱也。二、「冬夏坐禪」者，此二時極寒極熱，既不出遊，是以攝跡修禪也。三、「結夏安居」者，謂依教坐夏修行長道。準釋中應有四遊方、五布薩，文略故也。「常用」下明所用道具，於中三衣為三，佛菩薩像為一，故有十八也。並是隨身所須，資道有要，故制令畜也。二、「而菩薩」下別釋中，一、先頭陀及遊方時，制畜十八事物。二、別顯頭陀時節，謂此二時非寒非熱，得入山林增修道業。三、「若布薩」下別釋布薩，布薩者此翻名淨住，以半月半月誦戒文檢三業，若有犯則令悔，無犯默然，使戒淨同住故名也。於中「新學」者制誦戒人，言「半月」等布薩時也，「誦十重」等制所誦戒也，「於諸佛」等明誦處也，「一人」等明布薩儀也，「各各」等制著持受三衣也。四、「結夏」等別釋夏安居，並令一一如法，應於聖教冬夏坐禪，略不釋也。三、「若頭陀時」下舉諸難處，略舉十二難處：一、國難惡王者，彼國王不信三寶，頭陀不得入彼界中；二、地有高下；三、草深林密；四、黑師子噉人；五、虎；六、狠；七、水；八、火；九、風；十、賊；十一、毒蛇所行之路；十二、總結一切難處。三、「不得」下制不應往。四、「若故」下違結犯可知。

Eighth, explaining the text. In the text there are four parts: first, prescribing the practices to be cultivated; second, citing the various hazardous places; third, prescribing that one not enter them; fourth, concluding the offense for violating the precept. In the first part, within the five lines: first, an overarching presentation of the three gates; second, a specific explanation of the four matters. In the former, there are two: first, setting forth what is undertaken. 'The two seasons of dhūta' refers to the two seasons of spring and autumn. 'Dhūta' is translated here as 'shaking off', which means shaking off afflictions. Second, 'sitting in meditation during winter and summer': these two seasons are extremely cold and extremely hot; since one does not travel abroad, one therefore withdraws one's traces to practice meditation. Third, 'establishing the summer retreat (varṣā)': this means dwelling during the summer to cultivate the path and advance in spiritual practice in accordance with the teachings. According to the commentary, there should also be, fourth, wandering in all directions, and fifth, the poṣadha, but the text is abbreviated. Below 'always used', the text clarifies the requisites used; among them, the three robes count as three, and the image of the Buddha and bodhisattvas counts as one, and thus there are eighteen. These are all things that must accompany one's person and are essential for sustaining the Path; hence it is prescribed that they be kept. Second, below 'Yet a bodhisattva', in the specific explanation: first, when practicing dhūta and wandering abroad, it is prescribed that one keep the eighteen articles. Second, specifically showing the seasons for dhūta: this means that these two seasons are neither cold nor hot, so one may enter the mountain forests to increase one's cultivation of the path. Third, below 'if at the poṣadha', specifically explaining the poṣadha: 'poṣadha' is translated here as 'pure dwelling', meaning that every half-month one recites the text of the precepts to inspect the three types of karma; if there is an offense, one is made to repent; if there is no offense, one remains silent; because it causes the precepts to be pure and [the community] to dwell together, it is so named. Therein, 'newly learned' prescribes the persons who recite the precepts; 'half-month', etc., refers to the time of the poṣadha; 'recites the ten major', etc., prescribes the precepts to be recited; 'before the Buddhas', etc., clarifies the place of recitation; 'one person', etc., clarifies the ritual of the poṣadha; 'each', etc., prescribes the wearing, holding, and receiving of the three robes. Fourth, 'establishing the summer', etc., specifically explains the summer retreat, enjoining that each and every aspect be in accord with the Dharma; sitting in meditation in winter and summer according to the sacred teachings is omitted and not explained. Third, below 'when practicing dhūta', the various hazardous places are cited, listing in brief twelve hazardous places: first, the danger of countries with wicked kings, where that country's king does not believe in the Three Jewels and a dhūta practitioner must not enter within his borders; second, where the ground is uneven; third, where the grass is deep and the forest dense; fourth, man-eating black lions; fifth, tigers; sixth, wolves; seventh, water; eighth, fire; ninth, wind; tenth, bandits; eleventh, roads traversed by poisonous snakes; twelfth, concluding collectively with all hazardous places. Third, below 'must not', it prescribes that one should not go. Fourth, below 'if deliberately', the conclusion of the offense for violation may be understood.