俱舍論疏 14.8

14.8

[On the statement] "The Śāstra says: ... to ...prātimokṣa-saṃvara": This lists the eight names and subsumes them under the first one. In Sanskrit it is *bhikṣu*, in the Tang language named "mendicant" (*qishi*) and so forth; the old rendering *biqiu* is corrupt. *Bhikṣuṇī*: *ṇī* is the feminine gender. In Sanskrit it is *śikṣamāṇā*, in the Tang language "trainee" (*zhengxue*), meaning one who trains in the six dharmas. The six dharmas are: 1. not engaging in sexual misconduct, 2. not stealing, 3. not killing, 4. not lying, 5. not drinking alcohol, 6. not eating at improper times. In Sanskrit the name is *śrāmaṇeraka*, in the Tang language named "zealous aspirant" (*qince*); the old rendering *shami* is a corrupt abbreviation. "Female zealous aspirant" (*śrāmaṇerikā*) shares the old name: *shamini*, where *ni* is the feminine gender, which is corrupt. In Sanskrit it is *upāsaka*, in the Tang language "attendant" (*jinshi*); the old name *youposai* is corrupt. As for "attendant," the *Vibhāṣā*, fascicle 123, says: "Question: Why is it named *upāsaka* ('attendant')? Answer: Because they draw near to and practice all wholesome dharmas. That is to say, their bodies and minds habituate wholesome dharmas, hence they are named attendants. Question: If so, should all who do not sever wholesome roots be named attendants, since their bodies and minds all practice wholesome deeds? Answer: Not so, for this name is established relying on the sublime conduct and wholesome dharmas subsumed under saṃvara. Question: If so, are all saṃvaras named attendants, since they all can cultivate the wholesomeness of saṃvara? Answer: This receives its name from being at the beginning, whereas the other saṃvaras are established on account of other factors. Other masters say: Because they draw near to and serve good persons. Still others say: Because they draw near to and serve the Buddha's teachings." In Sanskrit it is *upāsikā*, in the Tang language "female attendant" (*jinshi nü*); *kā* is the feminine gender, and the old rendering *youpoyi* is corrupt. In Sanskrit it is *upavāsa*, in the Tang language "dwelling near" (*jinzhu*). The *Vibhāṣā*, fascicle 124, says: "Dwelling near the arhats, one receives this saṃvara and emulates their training. Some say: Because one dwells near to those who observe the lifelong precepts. Some say: Because this precept is observed for a proximate [short] time, it is called dwelling near. Among these eight, the first five are the renunciant precepts and the latter three are the householder precepts; the first seven are received for life, while the eighth is for one day and night. Question: Why are these established on the basis of prātimokṣa-saṃvara, and not established on the basis of dhyāna and anāsrava-saṃvara? Answer: For these eight kinds of precepts, the recipient's resolve differs in quantity, so through the distinctions of conditions for the precepts they are divided into eight kinds; the persons receiving the training differ. As for the concentrations and the path-saṃvara, they are simply acquired instantaneously in their seven branches for the sake of obtaining that concentration; they are not divided into upāsaka and so forth by virtue of the recipient's resolve and conditions for the precepts. Yet there are distinctions among the four dhyānas and the various fruits, and their meanings each differ; they cannot be treated as identical."