俱舍論疏 14.96

14.96

The treatise says: "[1] By nature ... to receiving the full precepts through collective assembly." Below is the answer. The Nyāyānusāra says: "'Nature' refers to knowledge; because it is realized without depending on a teacher, one obtains the full precepts at the time of this knowledge." That is, the Buddha and pratyekabuddhas obtain this precept when attaining the knowledge of destruction (kṣayajñāna). "[2] By entering the certainty of rightness (samyaktvaniyāma), namely, the five bhikṣus." The Nyāyānusāra says: "The full precepts are obtained through realizing the path of seeing (darśanamārga)." This refers to Kauṇḍinya and the other five bhikṣus. "[3] By the Buddha addressing them, 'Come, bhikṣu!', at which time the precepts arise together [with the call], namely, Yaśas and others." Yaśas here translates as "Fame" (míngyù). The Nyāyānusāra says: "Due to the power of past vows and the Buddha's august empowerment." "[4] By faithfully accepting the Buddha as the Great Master, obtaining the precepts at that time, namely, Mahākāśyapa and others. [5] By skilful reply, namely, Sudāyi." Sudāyi here translates as "Good Giving" (shànshī). Being only seven years of age, he skilfully answered the Buddha's question, matching the Buddha's intention; although he was not yet twenty years old, the Buddha commanded the monastic Saṅgha to perform the karmavācanā to confer the full precepts on him. Skilful reply was specifically opened as an exceptional case; [the precept] did not arise directly at the moment of the reply. As for the reply: the Buddha asked him, "Where is your home?" Sudāyi replied, "In the three realms there is no home." "[6] By respectfully accepting the eight venerable dharmas (guru-dharma), obtaining the precepts at that time, namely, Mahāprajāpatī." The older translation, Dà'àidào ("Great Path of Love"), is an error. In Sanskrit it is Mahāprajāpatī: mahā translates here as "great"; prajā translates here as "living beings" (shēng); patī translates here as "lord" (zhǔ). It is one of the thousand names of the Great Brahmā King; because sentient beings are manifold, they are called "great offspring" (dàshēng). The Brahmā King can produce all sentient beings and is the lord over these great offspring, hence named "Lord of Great Offspring" (Dàshēngzhǔ). She took her name after the deity to whom prayers [for her birth] were offered. Mahāprajāpatī was the Buddha's maternal aunt. The Buddha dispatched Ānanda to explain the eight venerable dharmas for her; she respectfully accepted them and at that moment obtained the precepts. These eight are rules honoring the elder bhikṣus, hence called "eight venerable dharmas." The older translation called them "eight respects." She was the very first to go forth among the community of bhikṣuṇīs, as detailed in the Vinaya. "[7] By sending a messenger, obtaining the precepts, namely, the nun Dharmadinnā." The nun's name was Dharmadinnā (Fǎshòu). This nun was shapely and upright; when she wished to go to the Saṅgha, she feared difficulties on the road. When receiving the full precepts, she did not face the Great Saṅgha [directly]; the Great Saṅgha dispatched a nun who received the dharma and in turn conferred the precepts upon her. Therefore it is called obtaining the full precepts by sending a messenger. To protect her from peril, this exception was specifically granted. "[8] With a Vinaya master as the fifth person, namely, in border regions." Because of the absence of monks, at the very least five persons are still required. Since the preceptor (upādhyāya) is not counted among the quorum, the remaining four constitute the assembly; any fewer does not constitute an assembly. Among the five persons, one must certainly be entrusted as a Vinaya master to conduct the karmavācanā; hence it is said "a Vinaya master as the fifth." Fewer than five fails [to confer ordination], while more is not prohibited. "[9] By an assembly of ten, namely, in the central regions." Where monks are numerous, at the very least ten persons are still required; more is also not prohibited. "[10] By three recitations of taking refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha, namely, the assembly of the sixty bhadravargīyas." The Buddha sent arhats to explain the three refuges for them, and they obtained the full precepts.