俱舍論疏 16.49

16.49

On the text, "The wholesome mental courses of karma [...] refers to all wholesome volitions": This explains mental courses of karma. The *Vibhāṣā*, fascicle 112, citing the *Saṅgītiparyāya* and the *Prajñaptiśāstra*, says: "Question: Do the three bodily misdeeds subsume all bodily misdeeds? Or do all bodily misdeeds subsume the three bodily misdeeds? Answer: All subsumes the three; the three do not subsume all. What is not subsumed? It refers to beating sentient beings with hands, sticks, etc., without taking life; engaging in impure conduct with those with whom one ought to engage, which is not sexual misconduct; initiating heedless karmas such as drinking alcohol; consuming food and drink with non-proper knowledge and loss of mindfulness; and failing to avoid those who break the precepts. Such bodily karmas arising from these are not subsumed by the three. Question: Precept-breakers are boundless; how can one avoid them? Even if one abandons this one, one still nears that one. Answer: They are everywhere; wishing to be free of them is indeed difficult, but being able not to follow their defilement is true avoidance. Therefore it is said: Even if the body is far away, if one follows their habits, that is called being close; even if the body is near, if one does not follow their habits, that is called abstention. Question: Do the four vocal misdeeds subsume all vocal misdeeds? Or does all subsume the four? Answer: All subsumes the four; the four do not subsume all. It refers to when someone dwelling alone in a quiet place speaks thus: 'There is no giving, there is no affection, there is no sacrifice'—such vocal misdeeds are not understood by sentient beings in the world, and are not subsumed by the four. Question: Do the three mental misdeeds subsume all mental misdeeds? Or do all mental misdeeds subsume the three mental misdeeds? [...] As for what is not subsumed, it refers to sensation, perception, formations, and consciousness co-arising with covetousness, malice, and wrong view, which are not subsumed by the three." In that treatise, mental misdeeds subsume the intrinsic nature of the four skandhas, and thus the intrinsic nature of the five skandhas is designated as all misdeeds. "Question: Why are they called misdeeds? What is the meaning of misdeed (duścarita)? Answer: Because they are blameworthy and deplorable, they are called bad (duṣ-); because they are that which one travels and treads upon, they are called conduct (-carita). 'Because they are blameworthy and deplorable, they are called bad'—just as people speak of bad wives and children, bad food and clothing, etc. 'Because they are that which one travels and treads upon, they are called conduct'—namely, taking life, harsh speech, and malice traversing the sphere of sentient beings, and so forth." Wholesome mental courses of karma do not subsume a part of mental good conduct, namely all wholesome volitions, that is, non-covetousness without manifest expression, etc. The text should be checked further. Someone proposed three interpretations, none of which hit the mark.