中觀論疏 10.43

10.43

「以因三受故」下，第八次明愛支。愛以染著為義。然三受通為愛作緣，為苦受所逼故貪求於樂，以樂受故為愛所使，不苦不樂受亦能生愛，乃至如四禪以上不苦不樂受能生於愛也。問：三受生幾種愛耶？答有五種。於樂受中生二種愛，一未曾生樂受欲令生故生愛、二已生樂受心不欲離故生愛。於苦受生二種愛：一未生欲令不生故生愛、二已生苦受欲令滅故生愛。於捨受亦生二愛：一未生欲令生故生愛、二已生故欲令不失故生愛。此二名為能生於愚癡，故有五也。問；何故過去以無明為本、現在以愛為本？答：《婆沙》云「無明有四事：一通緣漏無漏、二通緣為無為、三通緣三世遍不遍使、四通緣自界他界，故在前。愛但緣有漏、但緣有為、但不遍使、但自界緣，故在後。」雖不通四事，生未來苦為勝，故說為未來本。問：愛與受何異？答：受支唯有食愛，愛支復有欲愛，是故異也。

"Because of the three sensations" and so forth: this is the eighth, next explaining the link of craving (tṛṣṇā). Craving takes defiled attachment as its meaning. However, the three sensations broadly serve as conditions for craving: pressed by painful sensation, one craves pleasure; because of pleasant sensation, one is driven by craving; neither-painful-nor-pleasant sensation can also give rise to craving, and so on up to the fourth dhyāna and above, where neither-painful-nor-pleasant sensation can give rise to craving. Question: How many kinds of craving do the three sensations produce? Answer: There are five kinds. Within pleasant sensation, two kinds of craving arise: 1. toward an unarisen pleasant sensation, desiring that it arise, craving arises; 2. toward an already arisen pleasant sensation, the mind not desiring to part from it, craving arises. Toward painful sensation, two kinds of craving arise: 1. toward what is not yet arisen, desiring that it not arise, craving arises; 2. toward an already arisen painful sensation, desiring that it cease, craving arises. Toward neutral sensation, two kinds of craving also arise: 1. toward what is not yet arisen, desiring that it arise, craving arises; 2. toward what has already arisen, desiring that it not be lost, craving arises. These two are called capable of producing delusion; hence there are five. Question: Why is ignorance the root in the past, while craving is the root in the present? Answer: The *Vibhāṣā* says: "Ignorance has four features: 1. it broadly takes as object both defiled and undefiled; 2. it broadly takes as object both conditioned and unconditioned; 3. it broadly takes as object the universal and non-universal underlying afflictions across the three times; 4. it broadly takes as object both its own realm and other realms; therefore it comes first. Craving only takes as object defiled things, only takes as object conditioned things, is only a non-universal underlying affliction, and only takes as object its own realm; therefore it comes later." Although it does not encompass the four features, in generating future suffering it is preeminent; therefore it is spoken of as the root of the future. Question: How do craving and sensation differ? Answer: The link of sensation has only craving for food, whereas the link of craving additionally has sensual craving; therefore they differ.