瑜伽師地論略纂 1.95

1.95

劫有九種：一、日月歲數。《法華論》云：晝、夜、月、時、年，以此為數，是《法華經》所說諸劫。〈菩薩地〉亦言劫有二種：一是日月歲數、二是阿僧祇。二、增減劫，即是飢、病、刀小三災劫，名為中劫。三、二十劫為一劫，即梵眾天劫。四、四十劫為一劫，即梵前益天劫。五、六十劫為一劫，即大梵天劫。《俱舍》無此，唯云大梵天壽一劫半，以四十劫為一劫故。六、八十劫為一劫，即火災劫。七、七火為一劫，即水災劫。八、七水為一劫，即風災劫。九、三大阿僧祇劫。依《花嚴經》第二十四卷〈阿僧祇品〉，有百二十數，第一百二十名阿僧祇數。水火風至不可數，名為無數。依舊《攝論》，說三十三阿僧祇劫：第二劫為小一劫，為二十一劫故；第三劫為中一劫，為九故；初劫為大一劫，為三故。雖有此文，不可憑據，不知積何以成無數？《瓔珞經》說四十里城滿置芥子，百年去一，去芥子盡，名為一劫。有說八十里、百里、八百里為城，或說四十里、八十里、百里、八百里石，淨居天以妙衣重三銖，三年一拂，芥盡石盡，名為一劫。隨機不同，未可和會。《俱舍》第十二引《解脫經》說六十數，唯有五十二，餘八忘失。以第五十二數名阿僧祇，仍以十積數，不同《華嚴》從萬以上皆倍倍積，謂萬萬名億等，至阿僧祇，其數極多。此大乘義，故不可以《俱舍》為證，廣如別章。其大梵天，器世間初成即生，末後壞時方死，故壽命六十劫，不同餘宗。今設水風二劫成壞時量促故，大梵壽量一劫時定。三天三品脩生不同，劫數故異。

There are nine kinds of kalpas: First, the number of days, months, and years. The *Fahua lun* states: Days, nights, months, seasons, and years—reckoning by these—are the various kalpas spoken of in the *Lotus Sūtra*. The "Bodhisattvabhūmi" also says that kalpas are of two kinds: the first is the number of days, months, and years, and the second is the asaṃkhyeya. Second, the kalpa of increase and decrease: namely, the kalpas of the three minor disasters of famine, pestilence, and swords, which are called intermediate kalpas. Third, twenty kalpas making one kalpa: namely, the kalpa of the Brahmapāriṣadya devas. Fourth, forty kalpas making one kalpa: namely, the kalpa of the Brahmapurohita devas. Fifth, sixty kalpas making one kalpa: namely, the kalpa of the Mahābrahmā devas. The *Kośa* does not have this, only stating that the lifespan of Mahābrahmā is one and a half kalpas, taking forty kalpas as one kalpa. Sixth, eighty kalpas making one kalpa: namely, the kalpa of the fire disaster. Seventh, seven fires making one kalpa: namely, the kalpa of the water disaster. Eighth, seven waters making one kalpa: namely, the kalpa of the wind disaster. Ninth, three great asaṃkhyeya kalpas. According to the twenty-fourth fascicle of the *Avataṃsaka-sūtra*, the "Asaṃkhyeya Chapter", there are one hundred and twenty numbers, the one-hundred-and-twentieth being named the asaṃkhyeya number. From water, fire, and wind up to the incalculable is called "incalculable" (asaṃkhyeya). According to the older *Saṃgraha*, thirty-three asaṃkhyeya kalpas are spoken of: the second kalpa is one small kalpa, because it constitutes twenty-one kalpas; the third kalpa is one medium kalpa, because it constitutes nine; the first kalpa is one great kalpa, because it constitutes three. Although there is this text, it cannot be relied upon, for one does not know how they accumulate to form an asaṃkhyeya. The *Yingluo jing* says that a city forty li [in size] is filled with mustard seeds, and one is removed every hundred years; when the mustard seeds are exhausted, that is called one kalpa. Some say a city of eighty li, a hundred li, or eight hundred li; or they speak of a rock of forty li, eighty li, a hundred li, or eight hundred li, which a Śuddhāvāsa deva wipes once every three years with a celestial robe weighing three zhu; when the mustard seeds or the rock are exhausted, that is called one kalpa. These vary according to the capacities [of beings] and cannot yet be reconciled. The twelfth fascicle of the *Kośa* cites the *Vimukti-sūtra* as stating sixty numbers, but there are only fifty-two, the other eight having been lost. Taking the fifty-second number as asaṃkhyeya, it still accumulates numbers by tens, unlike the *Avataṃsaka*, which from ten thousand onward doubles and redoubles them—meaning ten thousand ten-thousands is called a koṭi, and so forth, up to asaṃkhyeya, its count being exceedingly vast. This is the Mahāyāna doctrine, so the *Kośa* cannot be taken as authoritative proof; it is detailed in a separate chapter. As for Mahābrahmā, he is born as soon as the receptacle world first forms and dies only when it finally disintegrates; therefore his lifespan is sixty kalpas, unlike in other schools. Now, assuming that during the two kalpas of water and wind the periods of formation and disintegration are shorter, Mahābrahmā's lifespan of one kalpa is fixed in time. Because the cultivation and rebirth of the three grades of the three heavens differ, their kalpa numbers are accordingly distinct.