因明入正理論疏 1.134

1.134

問：「此之三相為具方成？為闕亦得？若具方成，何故前言闕無異品亦成正因？既不要具，何須三相？」答：「要具三相，止異濫而成因，非關喻依故，闕無而許正。同法本成宗義，無依不順成宗。異法本止濫非，濫止便成宗義。故同必須依體，異法無依亦成。此說有體成有體宗，故異體無亦具三相。」

Question: "Must these three characteristics all be complete for [the inference] to succeed? Or can it succeed even when deficient? If it succeeds only when complete, why was it said earlier that even with a deficiency lacking dissimilar instances it still forms a correct reason? Since all are not required to be complete, why are three characteristics needed?" Answer: "All three characteristics must be complete in order to stop deviations and avoid overextension, thereby forming a valid reason; because this does not pertain to the substrata of the examples (dṛṣṭāntāśraya), it is accepted as correct even when deficient and absent. An example of similarity fundamentally establishes the meaning of the thesis; without a substratum, it would not conform to establishing the thesis. An example of dissimilarity fundamentally stops deviations and faults; once deviations are stopped, the meaning of the thesis is established. Therefore, an example of similarity must have an actual substratum, whereas an example of dissimilarity succeeds even without a substratum. This refers to establishing an existent thesis by means of an existent entity; thus, even if the dissimilar entity is nonexistent, all three characteristics are still complete."