因明入正理論疏 1.38

1.38

Regarding explaining the agreements and differences between the ancients and moderns: First, within the valid proof (sādhana), the fifteenth [fascicle] of the Yogācārabhūmi and the eleventh of the Prakaraṇāryavācā state eight types: first, stating the proposition (pratijñā); second, discerning the reason (hetu); third, adducing the example (dṛṣṭānta); fourth, the homogeneous (sādharmya); fifth, the heterogeneous (vaidharmya); sixth, direct perception (pratyakṣa); seventh, inference (anumāna); and eighth, correct scriptural authority (āptāgama). The Abhidharmasamuccaya also states eight: first, stating the proposition; second, stating the reason; third, stating the example; fourth, application (upanaya); fifth, conclusion (nigamana); sixth, direct perception; seventh, inference; and eighth, noble scriptural authority—all taking the intrinsic nature (svabhāva) and specific distinction (viśeṣa) as the thesis to be proved (sādhya). Among the eight valid proofs of the Yogācārabhūmi and the Prakaraṇāryavācā, the third, 'adducing the example', is general, whereas 'homogeneous' and 'heterogeneous' are particular. Out of the general metaphorical and analogical categories, they separately adduce the concordant and discordant—the sapakṣa and vipakṣa—to serve as the two examples. Because the general and the particular differ, they are divided into three types. Apart from the reason and the example, there are no separate application or conclusion; hence application and conclusion are condensed and not set up separately. In the Abhidharmasamuccaya, Asanga counts eight as valid proofs, following earlier masters: since the reason has no separation or combination of general and particular, why would the general and particular of the example need to be combined or separated? Therefore, he speaks of one in general and does not open up two examples. Since the negative example (vaidharmya-dṛṣṭānta) is lacking, he adds application and conclusion. Although application and conclusion do not exist apart from the reason and example, because they cause the thesis to be established to become increasingly clear, they must be set up separately. Since faults of the example include 'lacking application' and 'inverted application', the establishment of a genuine member conversely requires an application. Since application is separately established, conclusion must also be displayed; hence these are also eight.