因明入正理論疏 2.8

2.8

The commentary states: The third part explains them in turn, with two sections: first, explaining similarity; second, explaining dissimilarity. The Nyāyamukha states: 'Stating that where the reason is, the probandum follows, and where the probandum is absent, the reason does not exist—these two are called examples; anything else merely resembles them.' In explaining the first, there are three parts: first, citing the name; second, presenting it in general; third, pointing it out specifically. 'The [example of] similarity' cites the name; the rest of the text presents it in general. 'Where' means the locus, which is all loci of existing or non-existing things other than the thesis. 'Is shown' means stated. If an existing or non-existing thing is stated to be of a similar class to the previously presented reason, then it definitely possesses the property of the thesis; this existing or non-existing locus is called the example of similarity. The reason is the commonly accepted property upon the subject; if a locus has this, it is called the reason's similar class. The property to be established is the property upon the subject that is not commonly accepted; if a locus that has the common reason definitely has this unaccepted property, it is called definitely having its nature, because the commonly accepted property establishes that which is not commonly accepted. The Nyāyamukha says: 'Stating that the probandum follows the reason' is called the similar example. Because among the aggregates of existing and non-existing things outside the thesis, having these commonly accepted and unaccepted properties constitutes similarity. Because the properties are similar, the prover and proved are similar, and their combination is similar. Here, one primarily takes the reason's similar class; because this is present, the property of the thesis necessarily follows, and therefore it also secondarily takes the thesis's similar class, collectively calling them the example of similarity.