起信論疏筆削記 19.57

19.57

Among the counterfeit ones, the commentary's "The four dhyānas are precisely the form realm; they involve both calming and reflection, and hence are called dhyāna. The four formless concentrations are precisely the formless realm; they have calming but no reflection, and hence are only called concentration. Impurity is contemplating the five kinds of the body, namely impurity of seeds, of dwelling place, of self-nature, of self-characteristic, and of the ultimate, as explained in detail below. Ānāpāna is in Sanskrit *ānāpānasmṛti*, translated here as exhalation and inhalation. The above two are two of the five methods for stilling the mind. 'Etc.' includes the latter three, as well as the four immeasurables, the six subtle doors, the sixteen superior practices, the concentration of unimpeded clarity, and all such concentrations on phenomena. Regarding 'grasping at objective marks': Because these are not concentrations on principle, they merely take those marks such as breath as cognitive objects, do not accord with tathatā, and do not transcend the three realms; hence they are called worldly concentrations. Furthermore, Tiantai explains the various dhyāna concentrations as three in total: first, worldly dhyānas; second, world-transcending dhyānas; third, highest world-transcending dhyānas. Worldly dhyānas are again of two kinds: first, worldly relished dhyānas, namely the four dhyānas, the four immeasurables, and the four formless concentrations; second, worldly pure dhyānas, namely the six subtle doors, the sixteen superior practices, and the concentration of unimpeded clarity. The second, world-transcending dhyānas, are of four kinds: first, contemplation dhyānas, namely the nine perceptions, the eight liberations, the eight stages of mastery, and the ten universal bases; second, refining dhyānas, namely the nine successive concentrations; third, perfuming dhyānas, namely the lion-like sprinting samādhi; fourth, cultivating dhyānas, namely the surpassing samādhi. The third, highest world-transcending dhyānas, are of nine kinds: namely, self-nature dhyāna, all-inclusive dhyāna, difficult dhyāna, all-door dhyāna, virtuous person dhyāna, all-practice dhyāna, affliction-removing dhyāna, this-world-and-other-world dhyāna, and purely pure dhyāna. The marks of their practice are detailed in the *Cidi chanmen*, and summarized in the *Fajie cidi*; students who wish to know should consult those texts.