大乘義章 15.32

15.32

次須約對四聖種法辨其同異。四聖種者，一糞掃衣、二是乞食、三樹下坐第、四有病服陳棄藥，廣如上辨。聖種、頭陀兩門相對，同異有三：一是聖種亦是頭陀，謂糞掃衣、乞食、樹下坐，此能生聖名為聖種，住此能破衣食等欲故名頭陀。此糞掃衣即攝納衣及與毳衣，此乞食中攝次第乞，其樹下坐攝蘭若處。二是聖種而非頭陀，謂陳棄藥。彼陳棄藥病者所須，病者不能頭陀苦行，是故不說為頭陀法。三是頭陀而非聖種，謂畜三衣、一坐食、一揣食、不非時飲漿、塚間、露地、常坐、隨坐。何故此等不名聖種？夫聖種者，一切出家通行之法，諸出家者悉皆受行，頭陀唯是精上苦行。精上苦行上人所修，唯畜三衣、一坐食等是苦行法，上人所行，中下不堪，是故說之以為頭陀，不名聖種。頭陀之義，略之云爾。

Next, one should distinguish similarities and differences by correlating them with the four lineages of the noble (āryavaṃśa). The four lineages of the noble are: first, rag robes; second, begging for food; third, sitting under trees; fourth, taking discarded medicine when sick, as distinguished in detail above. When the two approaches of the noble lineages and the dhūtas are compared, their similarities and differences are threefold: First, that which is both a noble lineage and a dhūta: this refers to rag robes, begging for food, and sitting under trees. Because these can give rise to the noble, they are called noble lineages; because abiding in them can destroy desires for robes, food, and so forth, they are called dhūtas. Here, "rag robes" subsumes patched robes and down robes; "begging for food" subsumes begging in regular order; and "sitting under trees" subsumes an araṇya hermitage. Second, that which is a noble lineage but not a dhūta: this refers to discarded medicine. That discarded medicine is required by the sick; the sick are unable to practice the austere dhūta practices, and for this reason it is not taught as a dhūta practice. Third, that which is a dhūta but not a noble lineage: this refers to possessing only three robes, eating in one sitting, eating only what is taken in one morsel, not drinking unfermented juice after noon, dwelling in a charnel ground, dwelling in the open air, constantly sitting, and sitting anywhere. Why are these not called noble lineages? In general, the noble lineages are practices common to all who have renounced household life; all renunciants receive and practice them. Dhūtas, by contrast, are solely refined and superior austere practices. Refined and superior austere practices are cultivated by superior persons. Possessing only three robes, eating in one sitting, and so forth are practices of austerity; they are practiced by superior persons, whereas middling and inferior ones cannot endure them. For this reason, they are called dhūtas and are not called noble lineages. The meaning of the dhūtas is summarized thus.