大乘義章 20.63

20.63

第一辨相。百四十不共法，出《地持論》。如來功德不與下同，名不共法。分別有二：一對凡夫二乘人等有無不同，名為不共。二對菩薩滿不滿異，亦名不共。隨德廣論，不共無量。今據一門說百四十。其名是何？所謂如來三十二相、八十種好，合為一百一十二法。四一切種淨，合為一百一十六法。十力，通前百二十六。加四無畏，為百三十。大悲為一、不忘法二、加三念處及三不護，通前為八。斷除諸習九，一切種妙智十，通前一百四十不共，為百四十不共法也。名數如是。今隨門別，次第釋之。三十二相八十種好，色形功德，一處辨之。福狀外彰名之為相，又表內德亦名為相。姿媚可愛，愜悅人情，說之為好。辨此相好，略有三門：一明其果、二辨其因、三明修所為。就明果中曲有五門：一正辨列、二定多少、三論真應、四明得處、五辨定優劣。初正辨列。何者是其三十二相？如《涅槃經》及《地持》說：一足下安平如奩底相；二足下千輻輪；三纖長指；四蹏足跟；五手足網縵如白鵝王；六手足柔軟；七𦟛膊踢如伊尼延鹿王；八踝骨不現；九平立手摩膝；十陰藏如馬王；十一身圓滿如尼拘律樹；十二身毛上靡；十三一一毛右旋；十四身金色；十五圓光一尋，此論釋迦，餘佛身光遠近不定；十六皮膚細軟塵垢不着；十七兩手兩足兩肩及項七處滿；十八上身如師子；十九臂肘𦟛圓；二十缺骨備；二十一身𦟛直；二十二四十齒；二十三齒齊密；二十四齒白淨；二十五頰車方如師子；二十六次第得上味；二十七頂肉髻及無見頂共成一相；二十八廣長舌；二十九梵音聲；三十目紺色；三十一眼上下瞬如牛王；三十二眉間白毫。三十二相名字如是。何者是其八十種好？如《地持》說，手足二十指悉皆妙好，即為二十。兩手兩足表裏八處平滿，通前合為二十八種好。兩跟、兩膝、兩髀、兩肩、兩肘、兩腕、兩股、兩臀、藏相兩圓、兩膊、兩脇、兩腋、兩乳、腰、背、心、齊及與咽膓，悉皆妙好，為三十二，通前合為六十種好。此咽已下六十好也。上下牙齒悉皆妙好，即以為二。兩脣、兩齗、兩頰、兩鬢、兩眼、兩耳、兩眉、鼻兩孔、額兩角，悉皆妙好，復為十，通前合為二十種好。此咽已上二十好也。是為八十。相好如是（此一門竟）。

First is determining the characteristics. The one hundred and forty unshared attributes are found in the *Bodhisattvabhūmi* treatise. The Tathāgata's virtues are not shared with lower [beings], hence they are named unshared attributes. There are two distinctions: First, distinguished by their presence or absence in comparison with ordinary beings, persons of the two vehicles, and so forth, they are called unshared. Second, distinguished by completeness or incompleteness in comparison with bodhisattvas, they are also called unshared. Expounded broadly according to virtues, the unshared attributes are immeasurable. Now, drawing upon one approach, one hundred and forty are explained. What are their names? The Tathāgata's thirty-two major marks and eighty minor signs combine into one hundred and twelve attributes. The four purities of all kinds combine with them to make one hundred and sixteen attributes. The ten powers, adding to the previous, make one hundred and twenty-six. Adding the four fearlessnesses makes one hundred and thirty. Great compassion is one; unforgetting nature is two; adding the three applications of mindfulness and the three non-protections, added to the previous, makes eight. Severance of all lingering karmic traces is nine; exquisite omniscient knowledge of all kinds is ten. Adding these to the previous, there are one hundred and forty unshared attributes, making the one hundred and forty unshared attributes. The names and numbers are as such. Now, according to their divisions, they will be explained in sequence. The thirty-two marks and eighty minor signs are physical forms and virtues, which are analyzed in one place. When the signs of merit manifest externally, they are called marks; further, because they express internal virtue, they are also called marks. Pleasing, attractive, and delighting people's hearts, they are spoken of as minor signs. Distinguishing these marks and minor signs involves three brief gates: 1. explaining their result; 2. determining their cause; 3. explaining the purpose of their cultivation. Within explaining the result, there are five detailed gates: 1. properly distinguishing and enumerating them; 2. determining the quantity; 3. discussing the true and response bodies; 4. explaining the locus of their attainment; 5. evaluating their superiority and inferiority. First is properly distinguishing and enumerating them. What are the thirty-two marks? As stated in the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* and the *Bodhisattvabhūmi*: 1. soles level and flat like the bottom of a box; 2. thousand-spoked wheels on the soles of the feet; 3. slender and long fingers; 4. broad heels; 5. webbed hands and feet like a white swan king; 6. soft and tender hands and feet; 7. ankles and calves curved like the eneya deer king; 8. concealed ankle bones; 9. standing upright with hands reaching to touch the knees; 10. concealed organ like a horse king; 11. body well-proportioned like a nyagrodha tree; 12. body hairs curling upward; 13. each hair turning rightward; 14. golden-hued body; 15. circular halo extending one fathom—this treatise refers to Śākyamuni; the distance of other Buddhas' bodily light is not fixed; 16. delicate and soft skin to which dust and dirt do not adhere; 17. the seven places on the two hands, two feet, two shoulders, and neck being full; 18. upper body like a lion; 19. arms and elbows rounded and fleshed; 20. complete collarbones; 21. body straight and upright; 22. forty teeth; 23. teeth even and closely spaced; 24. teeth white and pure; 25. square jaw like a lion; 26. successively experiencing the supreme taste; 27. the fleshy protuberance on the crown together with the invisible crown form one mark; 28. broad and long tongue; 29. brahma voice; 30. dark blue eyes; 31. eyes blinking up and down like a bull king; 32. white curl between the eyebrows. The names of the thirty-two marks are as such. What are the eighty minor signs? As stated in the *Bodhisattvabhūmi*, the twenty fingers and toes of the hands and feet are all exquisite, which makes twenty. The eight places inside and outside on the two hands and two feet are level and full, which together with the previous makes twenty-eight minor signs. The two heels, two knees, two thighs, two shoulders, two elbows, two wrists, two legs, two buttocks, the two rounded forms of the concealed organ mark, two upper arms, two flanks, two armpits, two breasts, waist, back, chest, navel, throat, and intestines are all exquisite, making thirty-two, which together with the previous makes sixty minor signs. These are the sixty signs below the throat. The upper and lower rows of teeth are all exquisite, making two. The two lips, two gums, two cheeks, two sideburns, two eyes, two ears, two eyebrows, two nostrils, and two temples of the forehead are all exquisite, making another ten, which together with the previous makes twenty minor signs. These are the twenty signs above the throat. These make eighty. The marks and minor signs are as such (this completes one gate).