大乘義章 8.42

8.42

次辨其相。先辨地獄。地獄有二：一正地獄、二邊地獄。正地獄者，在大海下，麁分有八，細有一百三十六所。麁分八者，一活地獄、二黑繩地獄、三眾合地獄、四叫喚地獄、五大叫喚地獄、六熱地獄、七大熱地獄、八阿鼻地獄。於此南方大海之下五百由旬，有閻羅界。閻羅是鬼，分判罪人。閻羅界下五百由旬，至活地獄。如龍樹說，此地獄中諸受罪者，各共鬪諍，惡心熾盛，手捉利刀互相殘害，悶絕而死。宿業緣故，涼風來吹，獄卒咄之，罪人還活。應聲即活，行從是義，名活地獄。多由殺生，故生其中。此地獄下，有黑繩獄，一切苦具轉過於前，以黑鐵繩拼諸罪人，悉令斷絕，故云黑繩。此地獄中苦事眾多，黑繩事顯，故偏名之。以其先世讒謗良善，妄言綺語兩舌惡罵，枉殺無辜，或為奸史酷暴無道，故生其中。此黑繩下次有眾合，一切苦具轉重於前，於中獄卒化作種種虎狼師子猪羊牛犬一切種形，殘害罪人。或復化作兩山相合，鐵輪鐵網一切苦具治諸罪人。以眾苦具同皆合會殘害罪人，故云眾合。以其先世多殺眾生，故生其中。此眾合下次有叫喚，一切苦具轉過於前，有大鐵城五百由旬，獄卒在中，或斫或剝、或刃或刺、或鞭或打、或棒或杵，打碎其頭。或驅東西，如是非一，令諸罪人發聲叫喚，故名叫喚獄。良以先世斗稱欺誑，非法斷事，受寄不還，侵陵下劣，惱諸貧苦，或破城邑傷害剝切，離他眷屬，或復詐善誘誑殺之，令人叫喚，故生其中。此叫喚下有大叫喚，一切苦具轉重於前，獄卒於中，或驅罪人入熱鐵屋令大叫喚，名大叫喚。以其先世熏殺一切穴居眾生，或復繫閉墜陷深坑令大叫喚，故生其中。此叫喚下有熱地獄，一切苦事復轉過前。此地獄中有二銅鑊：一名難陀、二跋難陀，熱沸鹹水涌波於中。獄卒羅剎叉諸罪人投之於中，或投炭坑、或投沸灰、或以膿血而自煎熬，名熱地獄。以其先世惱亂父母及諸師長、一切沙門婆羅門等，令其心熱，故生其中。此下次有大熱地獄，一切苦事轉重於前。以其先世活煮眾生、或復生爛、或以木貫生而炙之，或燒山澤及諸聚落佛塔僧房，或推眾生令墜湯火，故生其中。此下次有阿鼻地獄，如《涅槃》說，此獄縱廣八萬由旬，其中苦事過前七獄及餘別處足二千倍，鐵網羅覆，上火徹下、下火徹上，交過通徹。一人入中身亦遍滿，第二人入身亦遍滿。壽命一劫，苦無暫廢。以其先世作五逆罪、謗方等經，起大邪見謗無因果斷滅善根，故生其中。十不善業，皆生此等八大獄中，向來且隨麁相言耳。所言一百三十六者，前八地獄一一各有十六眷屬，八是寒氷、八是炎火。八寒氷者，如龍樹說，一安浮陀，此名多孔，應是陵山多諸孔穴，故名多孔。亦可此處凍諸罪人令多穿穴，故名多孔。二足浮陀，此名無孔，對前可知。此之二種，隨相名之。三阿羅邏，此患寒聲。四阿波波，亦患寒聲。五名睺睺，亦是寒聲。此之三種，從聲以名。六漚鉢羅，此名青蓮。獄城相狀似青蓮華，故名青蓮。亦可此處凍諸罪人，似青蓮色，名漚鉢羅。七鉢頭摩，此名紅蓮，釋有兩義，準前可知。八名摩訶鉢頭摩，此名大紅蓮華，義亦同前。此後三種，從色名也。八炎火者，一名炭坑、二名沸屎、三名燒林、四名劒樹、五名刀道、六名刺棘、七名鹹河、八名銅柱。前八大獄，東西南北各有二氷及二炎火，故有十六。八大地獄各有十六，即是一百二十八所，通八大獄便是一百三十六也。如《法念經》，明此一百三十六所，名字各異、業果亦異，不可具論。正處如是。邊地獄者，或鐵圍間、或餘山中、或大海裏諸治罪處，名邊地獄（地獄如是）。

Next, distinguishing their characteristics. First, distinguishing the hells. The hells are of two kinds: first, the primary hells; second, the secondary (isolated) hells. The primary hells are beneath the great ocean; roughly divided, there are eight, and in detail there are one hundred and thirty-six locations. The eight roughly divided are: first, the Sañjīva (Reviving) Hell; second, the Kālasūtra (Black Rope) Hell; third, the Saṃghāta (Crushing) Hell; fourth, the Raurava (Wailing) Hell; fifth, the Mahāraurava (Great Wailing) Hell; sixth, the Tapana (Hot) Hell; seventh, the Pratāpana (Great Hot) Hell; eighth, the Avīci Hell. Five hundred yojanas beneath the great ocean in the southern direction, there is the realm of Yama. Yama is a ghost who judges sinners. Five hundred yojanas beneath the realm of Yama, one reaches the Sañjīva Hell. As Nāgārjuna says, in this hell, those undergoing punishment fight with one another, their evil intentions blazing fiercely; holding sharp knives in their hands, they slaughter one another and die in swoons. By the condition of past karma, a cool wind comes and blows, the hell-wardens shout at them, and the sinners revive again. Reviving immediately upon the sound, the term derives its meaning from this, hence it is named the Sañjīva (Reviving) Hell. Most are born therein due to killing living beings. Beneath this hell is the Kālasūtra Hell. All instruments of torment are progressively more severe than before; using black iron ropes, they mark the sinners and cut them all to pieces, hence it is called 'Black Rope'. In this hell the torments are numerous; the matter of the black ropes being prominent, it is specifically named after them. Because in past lives they slandered the good, spoke falsely, frivolously, with a double tongue, or with harsh abuse, wrongfully killed the innocent, or acted as treacherous officials who were cruel, tyrannical, and devoid of virtue, they are born therein. Beneath this Kālasūtra is next the Saṃghāta Hell. All instruments of torment are progressively heavier than before; in it the hell-wardens transform into various forms of tigers, wolves, lions, pigs, sheep, oxen, and dogs of all kinds to slaughter the sinners. Or they transform into two mountains crashing together, and use iron wheels, iron nets, and all kinds of instruments of torment to punish the sinners. Because multiple instruments of torment gather together simultaneously to slaughter the sinners, it is called Saṃghāta (Crushing/Gathering). Because in past lives they killed many sentient beings, they are born therein. Beneath this Saṃghāta is next the Raurava Hell. All instruments of torment are progressively more severe than before; there is a great iron city of five hundred yojanas, with hell-wardens inside who chop or flay, pierce or stab, whip or beat, or use clubs or pestles to smash their heads to pieces. Or they drive them east and west; such torments are not just one, causing the sinners to let out screams and wails, hence it is called the Raurava (Wailing) Hell. Truly, because in past lives they cheated with bushels and scales, judged affairs unlawfully, kept deposits and did not return them, encroached upon and bullied the lowly, distressed the impoverished, or sacked towns and cities, injuring, skinning, and butchering, separating others from their kin, or feigned goodness to entice, deceive, and kill them, causing people to wail, they are born therein. Beneath this Raurava is the Mahāraurava Hell. All instruments of torment are progressively heavier than before; in it the hell-wardens drive the sinners into red-hot iron houses, causing them to wail greatly, hence it is named Mahāraurava (Great Wailing). Because in past lives they suffocated and killed all burrow-dwelling sentient beings, or imprisoned them and cast them into deep pits, causing them to wail greatly, they are born therein. Beneath this Raurava [group] is the Tapana (Hot) Hell; all torments are again progressively more severe than before. In this hell there are two copper cauldrons: the first is named Nanda and the second Upananda; boiling, salty water surges with waves within them. The rākṣasa hell-wardens pitchfork the sinners and cast them into them, or cast them into charcoal pits, or cast them into boiling ash, or scorch and fry them in pus and blood; hence it is named the Tapana (Hot) Hell. Because in past lives they distressed their parents, teachers, elders, and all śramaṇas, brāhmaṇas, and so forth, causing their hearts to burn, they are born therein. Beneath this is next the Pratāpana (Great Hot) Hell; all torments are progressively heavier than before. Because in past lives they boiled sentient beings alive, or skinned and rotted them alive, or skewered them alive on wood and roasted them, or burned hills, marshes, villages, stūpas, and saṃgha quarters, or pushed sentient beings to fall into boiling water and fire, they are born therein. Beneath this is next the Avīci Hell. As the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* says, this hell is eighty thousand yojanas in length and breadth. The torments within it exceed the previous seven hells and other separate places by fully two thousand times; iron nets cover it completely, fire above penetrates below, and fire below penetrates above, crossing and permeating throughout. When one person enters it, his body fills it entirely; when a second person enters, his body also fills it entirely. The lifespan is one kalpa, and the suffering never ceases for a moment. Because in past lives they committed the five heinous crimes, slandered the Vaipulya sūtras, gave rise to great false views slandering causality, and severed roots of goodness, they are born therein. The ten unwholesome karmas all lead to rebirth in these eight great hells; what has been said so far is merely according to their rough aspects. As for the one hundred and thirty-six, each of the eight previous hells has sixteen appendages: eight are cold ice and eight are blazing fire. As for the eight cold ice hells, as Nāgārjuna says, first is Arbuda, which is named 'Many Holes'; it should be an icy mountain with many holes and caverns, hence it is named 'Many Holes'. It may also be that here the sinners are frozen so as to have many piercings and holes, hence it is named 'Many Holes'. Second is Nirarbuda, which is named 'No Holes'; by contrast with the previous one, it can be understood. These two are named according to their appearance. Third is Aṭaṭa, which is the sound of suffering from cold. Fourth is Hahava, which is also the sound of suffering from cold. Fifth is Huhuva, which is also the sound of cold. These three are named after their sounds. Sixth is Utpala, which is named 'Blue Lotus'. The shape and appearance of the hell-city resembles a blue lotus flower, hence it is named 'Blue Lotus'. It may also be that here the sinners are frozen into a color like that of a blue lotus, hence it is called Utpala. Seventh is Padma, which is named 'Red Lotus'; the explanation has two meanings, which can be understood by analogy with the previous one. Eighth is Mahāpadma, which is named 'Great Red Lotus Flower'; the meaning is also the same as before. These latter three are named after their colors. As for the eight of blazing fire, the first is named Charcoal Pit, the second Boiling Excrement, the third Burning Forest, the fourth Sword Tree, the fifth Knife Path, the sixth Pricking Thorns, the seventh Salty River, and the eighth Copper Pillar. Each of the eight previous great hells has two ice and two blazing fire [hells] in the east, west, south, and north, hence there are sixteen. Each of the eight great hells having sixteen makes one hundred and twenty-eight locations; together with the eight great hells, there are one hundred and thirty-six. As the *Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra* explains, these one hundred and thirty-six locations have different names and different karmic fruits, which cannot be discussed in full. Such are the primary places. As for the secondary hells, they are the places of punishment between the Iron Ring Mountains, in other mountains, or in the great ocean; they are called secondary hells. (Such are the hells.)