歷代三寶紀 3

English (machine translation) 3

Language: English

3.1

Presented in the seventeenth year of Kaihuang by your servant Fei Zhangfang, translation scholar.

"Imperial Chronology, Part Two" begins with the Three Sovereigns, when heaven had only one ruler, and ends with the two Han dynasties, when the earth had no divided allegiance. Then down through the Wei and Jin dynasties, reaching our Great Sui's governance of the world, during this span the capitals and cities were like hedgehogs' quills, and there were twenty-two states whose capitals perched like kites or stood like cranes. Among them were the eight states of Wu, the three Qin, Liang, Wei, Qi, Chen, and so forth; although each of these eight states preserved its own sovereignty, they all propagated and translated Buddhist scriptures, making it possible for the triratna to abide in the world, which was a blessing relied upon by the four kinds of beings. Therefore, those who applied themselves to good deeds had their blessings extend widely, which is why their genealogical records have been transmitted down the generations. However, those whose annals record no renown, the hegemons and rulers of the other fourteen states who seized their moments, neither proclaimed nor promoted the holy teachings, and in practical matters had nothing to take as their ancestral model. Now, roughly following their historical treatises, I have set down their reigns and eras in outline, in the hope of making known the relative strengths, beginnings, ends, downfalls, and rises [of these states]. In the second year, xinchou, of the Huangchu era of Emperor Wen of the Cao-Wei dynasty, Liu Bei established his capital in Shu and named his state Han; after two rulers and forty-three years, it reverted to Emperor Yuan of Wei. In the first year, renxu, of the Tai'an era of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin, Zhang Gui arose in Liangzhou and named his state Liang; this was the Former Liang; after seven rulers and sixty-two years, it fell to Fu Yonggu of the Former Qin. In the first year, jiazi, of the Yong'an era of Emperor Hui of the Jin, Liu Yuan arose in Pingyang; at first he named his state Han, and later called it Zhao; this was the Former Zhao; after four rulers and twenty-six years, it fell to Shi Le of the Later Zhao. In the same first year of Yong'an, Li Xiong arose in Shu; at first he named his state Dacheng, and later changed it to Han; after four rulers and forty-four years, it was destroyed by Emperor Mu of Jin. In the third year, gengchen, of the Taixing era of Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin, Shi Le first arose in Xiangguo; later he moved his capital to Ye and called his state Zhao; this was the Later Zhao; after four rulers, including Ran Min, spanning thirty-five years, it fell to Murong Jun of the Former Yan. In the eleventh year, yimao, of the Yonghe era of Emperor Mu of Jin, Murong Jun first arose in Huanglong; later he moved his capital to Ye and named his state Yan; this was the Former Yan; after two rulers and nineteen years, it fell to Fu Yonggu of the Former Qin. In the eleventh year, bingxu, of the Taiyuan era of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, Murong Chui arose in Zhongshan and restored the name Yan; this was the Later Yan; he moved his capital to Huanglong; after five rulers and twenty-six years, it fell to Feng Ba of the Northern Yan. Coming to the twelfth year, dinghai, Lü Guang arose in Liangzhou and again took the name Liang; this was the Later Liang; after four rulers and sixteen years, it fell to Yao Xing of the Later Qin. In the first year, dingyou, of the Long'an era of Emperor An of Jin, Tufa Wugu arose in Xiping, and also named his state Liang; this was the Southern Liang; after three rulers and eighteen years, it fell to Qifu Chipan of the Western Qin. Coming to the second year, wuxu, Murong De arose in Gugu, and also named his state Yan; this was the Southern Yan; after two rulers and thirteen years, it was destroyed in turn by Emperor An of Jin. Coming to the fourth year, gengzi, Li Gao arose in Dunhuang, and also named his state Liang; this was the Western Liang; after two rulers and twenty-two years, it fell to Juqu Mengxun of the Northern Liang. In the third year, dingwei, of the Yixi era of Emperor An of Jin, Helian Bobo arose in the northern desert, placed his capital at Tongwan City, and named his state Great Xia; after three rulers and twenty-five years, it fell to Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei. Coming to the sixth year, gengxu, Feng Ba arose and destroyed the Later Yan, established his capital in Changli, and called it Great Yan; this was the Northern Yan; after two rulers and twenty-eight years, it also fell to Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei. Coming to the sixteenth year, yimao, of the Yuanjia era of Emperor Wen of Song, which was the fifth year of Taiyan of the Northern Wei, Emperor Taiwu campaigned in the west and ultimately destroyed the Northern Liang; from this point, the various states had swallowed one another almost to exhaustion, and only the Northern Wei remained. Coming to the first year, jiaxu, of the Longchang era of Emperor Ming of Southern Qi, which was the eighteenth year of Taihe of the Northern Wei, Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital south to Luoyi. Coming to the sixth year, jiayin, of the Zhongdatong era of Emperor Wu of Liang, which was the third year of Yongxi of the Southern Wei, Emperor Wu, Yuan Xun, moved west to Chang'an, relying on Grand Ancestor Yuwen Heitai of the Zhou; Grand Ancestor Gao Huan of Qi separately enthroned Yuan Shanjian, the Prince of Qinghe's son, as sovereign, with his northern capital at Ye; because of this, [Wei] was divided again into Western and Eastern. In the fourth year, yihai, of the Chengsheng era of Emperor Xiaoyuan, Xiao Yi, of the Liang, his capital was in Jiangling; he was destroyed by the Western Wei; from this point, the dynastic mandate of the Southern Dynasties reverted to the north. That year was the second year of the Houyuan era of Wei; Xiao Yan's grandson Xiao Cha was granted succession by Wei to inherit and continue the Liang foundation; this was the Later Liang; having become a dependency, it was an insubstantial shadow state; Zhou accepted the abdication of Wei and therefore maintained it, still keeping Jiangling as its capital; after three rulers and thirty-three years, it came to an end in the seventh year, dingwei, of Kaihuang. Beginning from the first year, gengzi, of the Huangchu era of Emperor Wen of Wei, when he received the abdication of the Later Han, to the second year, xinchou, when the realm was divided into three, was fifty-nine years; reaching the fifth year, jihai, of the Xianning era of Emperor Wu of Jin, within the cosmos writing and axle-widths became unified again; twenty-three years to the first year, xinyou, of the Yongning era of Emperor Hui of Jin, when the provinces and lands were torn apart and states vied to establish their capitals; up to the present ninth year, jiyou, of Kaihuang, during this span were two hundred and eighty-eight years; thus before Shichen, the heavenly course was fraught with difficulty, like the twelve earthly branches clashing; after Daliang, the kingly way became clear and peaceful, returning the Nine Provinces to unity; it has already been nine years since the cart-tracks and scripts were made concordant; its transformative virtue has had meritorious effect upon the people, who have no need to call it Wei. Up to the Great Sui, there were forty-four rulers whose annals span three hundred and seventy-eight years, across seven dynasties and five capitals, as told in the worldly records.

3.3

Emperor Wen of Wei (seven years, capital at Luoyang)
Emperor Ming (thirteen years)
Emperor of Qi (fourteen years)
Duke of Gaoguixiang (six years)
Emperor Yuan (five years)
(Western Jin) Emperor Wu (twenty-six years, capital at Luoyang)
Emperor Hui (sixteen years)
Emperor Huai (six years)
Emperor Min (four years, capital at Chang'an)
(Eastern Jin) Emperor Yuan (six years, capital at Jiankang)
Emperor Ming (three years)
Emperor Cheng (seventeen years)
Emperor Kang (two years)
Emperor Mu (seventeen years)
Emperor Ai (four years)
Duke of Haixi (five years)
Emperor Jianwen (two years)
Emperor Xiaowu (twenty-four years)
Emperor An (twenty-two years)
Emperor Gong (one year)
Emperor Wu of Song (three years, capital at Jiankang)
Former Deposed Emperor (one year)
Emperor Wen (thirty years)
Emperor Xiaowu (nine years)
Middle Deposed Emperor (one year)
Emperor Ming (eight years)
Later Deposed Emperor (five years)
Emperor Shun (two years)
Emperor Gao of Qi (five years, capital at Jiankang)
Emperor Wu (ten years)
Deposed Emperor (half a year)
King of Xin'an (half a year)
Emperor Ming (four years)
Marquess of Donghun (two years)
King of Nankang (one year)
Emperor Wu of Liang (forty-eight years, capital at Jiankang)
Emperor Jianwen (two years)
Emperor Xiaoyuan (four years, capital at Jiangling)
Emperor Min of Zhou (one year, capital at Chang'an)
Emperor Ming (three years)
Emperor Wu (eighteen years)
Emperor Xuan (two years)
Emperor Jing (one year)
Great Sui since the Kaihuang era (seventeen years, capital at Daxing)

3.4

Wei: (gengzi) Emperor Wen, Pi (of the Cao clan; courtesy name Zihuan; Huangchu, year 1; capital at Luoyang; up to this year, 829 years had passed since the Buddha entered nirvāṇa).

3.5

(xinchou) 2; (renyin) 3. Wu: (Sun Quan; courtesy name Zhongmou; reigned 28 years; capital at Jianye; called Huangwu, year 1; proclaimed Emperor Tai).

3.6

(guimao) 4; 2.

3.7

(jiachen) 5; 3 (Vighna translated two texts in six fascicles, including the Akṣayamati-bodhisattva-sūtra, in Wuchang Commandery).

3.8

(yisi) 6; (bingwu) 7; 4; 5.

3.9

(dingwei) Emperor Ming, Rui (son of Emperor Wen; Taihe, year 1); 6.

3.10

(wushen) 2; 7.

3.11

(jiyou) 3; Huanglong, year 1.

3.12

(gengxu) 4; 2 (Zhu Lüyan produced two fascicles of scriptures including the Sumāgadhā-sūtra at the capital Yangdu).

3.13

(xinhai) 5; 3.

3.14

(renzi) 6; Jiahe, year 1.

3.15

(guichou) Qinglong, year 1; 2.

3.16

(jiayin) 2; (yimao) 3; 3; 4.

3.17

(bingchen) 4; 5.

3.18

(dingsi) Jingchu, year 1; 6 (one edition records Jiahe ending at five years).

3.19

(wuwu) 2; Chiwu, year 1.

3.20

(jiwei) 3; 2.

3.21

(gengshen) Young Emperor Fang (Zhengshi, year 1); 3.

3.22

(xinyou) 2; 4.

3.23

(renxu) 3; 5 (created his son He Crown Prince).

3.24

(guihai) 4; (jiazi) 5; 6; 7.

3.25

(yichou) 6; (bingyin) 7; 8; 9.

3.26

(dingmao) 8; 10 (Kang Senghui miraculously obtained a relic that emitted light; Sun Quan was convinced and submitted, and immediately built Jianchu Monastery for [Seng]hui; this was the first monastery in Jiangdong).

3.27

(wuchen) 9; 11.

3.28

(jisi) Jiaping, year 1; 12 (deposed Crown Prince He and created his son Liang Crown Prince).

3.29

(gengwu) 2 (Dharmakāla translated one fascicle of the Mahāsāṃghika-prātimokṣa at Luoyang); 13.

3.30

(xinwei) 3; Taiyuan, year 1 (Kang Senghui translated four works in sixteen fascicles, including the Ṣaṭpāramitā-saṃgraha-sūtra, at Jianchu Monastery in Yangdu).

3.31

(renshen) 4 (Saṃghavarman translated the two-fascicle Ugraparipṛcchā-sūtra at Luoyang); Shenfeng, year 1 (Quan passed away); Jianxing, year 1 (in the fourth month, Liang was enthroned and changed the era name).

3.32

(guiyou) 5; 2 (Zhi Qian, from the Huangwu era up to this year, produced a total of one hundred and twenty works in one hundred and forty-nine fascicles, including the Mingdu jing, as recorded in the Wu Record).

3.33

(jiaxu) Deposed Emperor, the Duke of Gaoguixiang, Mao (Zhengyuan, year 1; Dharmasatya produced one fascicle of the Dharmaguptaka-karmavācanā at Luoyang); Wufeng, year 1.

3.34

(yihai) Ganlu, year 1; 2.

3.35

(bingzi) 2; Taiping, year 1.

3.36

(dingchou) 3 (Bo Yan produced five works in six fascicles, including the Śūraṅgama-sūtra, at Luoyang); 2.

3.37

(wuyin) 4; 3 (in the eighth month Liang died; in the ninth month Xiu was enthroned; this was Emperor Jing, who changed to Yong'an, year 1).

3.38

(yimao) 5 (Zhu Shixing of Yingchuan was the earliest to leave home, which marked the beginning of śramaṇas in Han lands); Yong'an, 2.

3.39

(gengchen) Emperor Yuan, Huan, Prince of Chenliu (Jingyuan, year 1); 3.

3.40

(xinsi) 2; (renwu) 3; 4; 5.

3.41

(guiwei) 4; 6.

3.42

(jiashen) Xianxi, year 1 (Wei abdicated to Jin); 7 (in the sixth month Xiu passed away; in the seventh month Hao was enthroned and changed to Yuanxing, year 1).

3.43

Western Jin: (yiyou) Emperor Wu, Yan (Taishi, year 1; of the Sima clan; courtesy name Anshi; capital at Luoyang); Ganlu, year 1.

3.44

(bingxu) 2 (on the eighth day of the eleventh month, Dharmarakṣa translated the two-fascicle Suvikrāntacintidāvaputra-paripṛcchā-sūtra at Baima Monastery in Chang'an); Baoding, year 1.

3.45

(dinghai) 3; (wuzi) 4; 2; 3.

3.46

(jichou) 5 (on the twenty-fifth day of the seventh month, Dharmarakṣa produced the two-fascicle Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra); Jianheng, year 1.

3.47

(gengyin) 6 (in the ninth month, [Dharma]rakṣa again produced the two-fascicle Ratnakaraṇḍaka-sūtra, the one-fascicle Guāngdé tàizǐ jīng, and the one-fascicle Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-guāngdé-tàizǐ jīng); 2.

3.48

(xinmao) 7; 3.

3.49

(renchen) 8 ([Dharma]rakṣa again produced the ten-fascicle new Daoxing jing); Fenghuang, year 1.

3.50

(guisi) 9; 2.

3.51

(jiawu) 10 ([Dharma]rakṣa again produced the four-fascicle Akṣayamatinirdeśa-sūtra); 3.

3.52

(Yiwei) Xianning 1; Tianji 1

3.53

(Bingshen) 2; Tianxi 1

3.54

(Dingyou) 3; Tianji 1

3.55

(Wuxu) 4; (Jihai) 5 / 2; 3

3.56

(Gengzi) Taikang 1; 4 (Conquered by the Jin general Wang Jun, [Sun Hao] entered Luoyang and was enfeoffed; Hao became the Marquis Who Returns to Allegiance. Lasting fifty-eight years in all. In total, 4 provinces, 43 commanderies, 313 counties, 520,000 households, 3,400,000 people, 230,000 soldiers, 32,000 officials, and 5,000 palace maidens were obtained, all of whom were bestowed upon the generals and soldiers.)

3.57

(Xinchou) 2 (Kālaruci translated the Shi'eryou jing in one fascicle); (Renyin) 3; (Guimao) 4; (Jiachen) 5 (On the twenty-third day of the second month, [Dharma]rakṣa translated the Xiuxing jing in seven fascicles); (Yisi) 6 (On the tenth day of the seventh month, [Dharma]rakṣa translated the Hailongwang jing in four fascicles); (Bingwu) 7 (On the tenth day of the eighth month, [Dharma]rakṣa translated the Zheng fahua jing in ten fascicles; on the twenty-seventh day of the tenth month, he translated the Puchao jing in four fascicles; on the twenty-fifth day of the eleventh month, he translated the Guangzan bore jing in ten fascicles); (Dingwei) 8 (On the eleventh day of the first month, he translated the Pumenpin jing in one fascicle; on the twenty-seventh day of the fourth month, he translated the Baonü wen jing in one fascicle); (Wushen) 9; (Jiyou) 10 (On the eighth day of the fourth month, [Dharma]rakṣa translated the Wenshushili jinglü jing in one fascicle; on the second day of the twelfth month, he translated the Ligoushinü jing in one fascicle, as well as the Moni jing and others, all translated at Baima Monastery in Luoyang); (Gengxu) Taixi 1 (In the fourth month, Emperor Wu passed away; the Crown Prince, [Sima] Zhong, ascended the throne—this was Emperor Hui, who changed the reign title to the Yongping era); (Xinhai) Yuankang 1; (Renzi) 2; (Guichou) 3; (Jiayin) 4; (Yimao) 5; (Bingchen) 6; (Dingsi) 7; (Wuwu) 8; (Jiwei) 9; (Gengshen) Yongkang 1; (Xinyou) (Shidai 1; in the first month, [Sima] Lun usurped the throne and changed to Yongning 1; in the fourth month, the Emperor was restored and changed it back); (Renshu) 2 (In the twelfth month, changed to Tai'an 1); (Guihai) (Yong'an 1; in the first month, changed to Jianwu 1; changed again in the seventh month); (Jiazi) Yongxing 1 (Changed in the eighth month); (Yichou) 2; (Bingyin) Guangxi 1; (Dingmao) Emperor Huai, Chi (Younger brother of Emperor Hui; styled Yongjia 1); (Wuchen) 2 (Dharmarakṣa translated the Lalitavistara in eight fascicles); (Jisi) 3; (Gengwu) 4; (Xinwei) 5 (The Emperor was captured by Liu Yao and sent to Pingyang); (Renshen) 6; (Guiyou) Emperor Min, Ye (Grandson of Emperor Wu; styled Jianxing 1; capital in Chang'an. Zhu Ying, a citizen of Wu County, together with the nun Bo of Dongyun Monastery and several believers, recovered two stone statues at the mouth of the Hudu on the Songjiang River. On their backs were inscriptions: one named Vipaśyin Buddha, the other named Kāśyapa Buddha. They brought them back and installed them in Tongxuan Monastery); (Jiaxu) 2; (Yihai) 3; (Bingzi) 4; (Eastern Jin) (Dingchou) Emperor Yuan, Rui (Cousin of Emperor Wu; styled Jianwu 1; capital in Jiankang); (Wuyin) Taixing 1 (In the third month of the second year, the Emperor passed away; only then did Emperor Yuan formally ascend the throne and change the reign title); (Jimao) 2; (Gengchen) 3; (Xinsi) 4; (Renwu) Yongchang 1 (In the intercalary twelfth month, the Emperor passed away); (Guiwei) Emperor Ming, Shao (Son of Emperor Yuan; styled Taining 1); (Jiashen) 2; (Yiyou) 3 (In the intercalary eighth month, the Emperor passed away); (Bingxu) Emperor Cheng, Yan (Son of Emperor Ming; styled Xianhe 1); (Dinghai) 2; (Wuzi) 3; (Jichou) 4 (Gao Kui, the Governor of Danyang, went out early in the morning to the Zhanghou Bridge and saw five-colored light in the inlet rising several feet above the water. Kui went to look and marveled at it, then sent men into the water. They recovered a golden statue, but it lacked a halo and pedestal, though its craftsmanship was extraordinary. Kui then dismounted his carriage, carried the statue back, and installed it at Changgan Monastery. The full details are recorded in the biography of the eminent monk Liu Sahe. Zhang Xishi, a native of Linhai, was fishing in the sea as usual when he saw a light on the water. When he went to look, it was a bronze lotus pedestal. He immediately submitted a memorial to the Emperor, who decreed that it be placed under the feet of this statue, and they fitted together seamlessly as one. On its pedestal was Indic script; a foreign monk read it and said it had been made by the fourth daughter of King Aśoka. In the ninth year of Kaihuang, Chen was pacified; this statue is currently in the Daxingshan Monastery in the capital); (Gengyin) 5; (Xinmao) 6; (Renchen) 7; (Guisi) 8; (Jiawu) 9; (Yiwei) Xiankang 1; (Bingshen) 2; (Dingyou) 3; (Wuxu) 4; (Jihai) 5; (Gengzi) 6; (Xinchou) 7; (Renyin) 8 (In the sixth month, the Emperor passed away); (Guimao) Emperor Kang, Yue (Younger brother of Emperor Cheng; styled Jianxing 1); (Jiachen) 2 (In the ninth month, the Emperor passed away); (Yisi) Emperor Mu, Dan (Son of Emperor Kang; styled Yonghe 1); (Bingwu) 2; (Dingwei) 3; (Wushen) 4; (Jiyou) 5; (Gengxu) 6; (Xinhai) 7; (Renzi) 8; (Guichou) 9

3.58

(Jiayin) 10; (Yimao) 11 / (Former Qin) Emperor Jian (Huangshi 1; capital in Chang'an); 2

3.59

(Bingchen) 12 / 3

3.60

(Dingsi) Shengping 1; (Wuwu) 2 / 4; 5

3.61

(Jiwei) 3; (Gengshen) 4 / Emperor Sheng; Shouguang 1 (Established by Jian; son); 2

3.62

(Xinyou) 5 (In the fifth month, the Emperor passed away) / Emperor [Fu Jian] (Yonggu enthroned, paternal cousin of Sheng; changed to Yongxing 1); 2

3.63

(Renshu) Emperor Ai, Pi (Son of Emperor Cheng; styled Longhe 1) / Ganlu 1; 2

3.64

(Guihai) Xingning 1; (Jiazi) 2 / 3; 4

3.65

(Yichou) 3 (In the second month, the Emperor passed away) / 5; 6

3.66

(Bingyin) The Deposed Emperor, Duke of Haixi, Yi (Younger brother of Emperor Ai; styled Taihe 1) / Jianyuan 1; 2

3.67

(Dingmao) 2; (Wuchen) 3 / 3; 4

3.68

(Jisi) 4; (Gengwu) 5 (In the eleventh month, the Emperor passed away) / 5; 6

3.69

(Xinwei) Emperor Jianwen, Yu (Sixth son of Emperor Yuan; styled Xian'an 1. Dong Zongzhi, a native of Hepu Commandery in Jiaozhou, was a pearl diver by profession. Once, he saw a radiating light at the bottom of the sea; when he went to retrieve it, he obtained a Buddha's halo. He immediately presented it to the court, and the Emperor ordered it installed behind King Aśoka's statue, and it united invisibly [with the statue]. Only after more than forty years was it complete. Thereupon, the Emperor erected a three-story wooden stūpa atop the King Aśoka stūpa at Changgan Monastery); 7; 8

3.70

(Renshen) 2 (In the second month, the Emperor passed away) / 9 (The Grand Astrologer memorialized, 'An auspicious star has appeared in the astrological region of the foreign countries; a sage must be entering to assist.' [Fu Jian] dispatched Fu Pi leading a host of one hundred thousand to attack Jin's Xiangyang to obtain the all-encompassing Shi Dao'an)

3.71

(Guiyou) Emperor Xiaowu, Yao (Son of Emperor Jianwen; styled Ningkang 1) / 10; 11

3.72

(Jiaxu) 2; (Yihai) 3 / 12 (Zhu Fonian translated the Pusa yingluo jing in twelve fascicles); 13

3.73

(Bingzi) Taiyuan 1; (Dingchou) 2 / 14

3.74

(Wuyin) 3; (Jimao) 4 / 15

3.75

(Gengchen) 5; (Xinsi) 6 / 16

3.76

(Renwu) 7; (Guiwei) 8 / 17

3.77

(Jiashen) 9; (Yiyou) 10 / 18

3.78

(Bingxu) 11 / (Later Qin) Emperor Chang (Styled Jianchu 1; changed Chang'an to Chang'an [with the character '常'] and made it his capital) / 19 (Saṅghadeva translated the Apitan bajian du in twenty fascicles)

3.79

(Dinghai) 12 / 2 (On the eighth day of the second month, Dharmanandin translated the Wangzi fa yi jing in one fascicle) / (Western Qin of the Qifu) Guoren (Styled Jianyi 1; capital in Wanzhou) / 20 (Saṅghabhūti translated the Posumi jing in ten fascicles)

3.80

(Wuzi) 13 / 3 / 2 / 21 (On the eighth day of the second month, the all-encompassing Shi Dao'an passed away)

3.81

(Jichou) 14 / 4 / 3 / Da'an 1 (Enthroned by Fu Pi and changed reign title)

3.82

(Gengyin) 15 / 5 / [Qifu] Gangui enthroned (Styled Taichu 1)

3.83

(Xinmao) 16 / 6 / 2 / Taichu 1 (Enthroned by Fu Deng and changed reign title)

3.84

(Renchen) 17 / 7 / 3 / 2

3.85

(Guisi) 18 / 8 / 4 / 3

3.86

(Jiawu) 19 / Huangchu 1 (Chang's son, Xing, enthroned and changed to Huangchu 1) / 5 / 4

3.87

(Yizhe) 20 / 2 / 6 / 5

3.88

(Bingshen) 21 (In the ninth month, the Emperor passed away) / 3 / Emperor Daowu of Wei (Of the Yuan clan, enthroned, styled Huangshi 1; capital in Zhongshan) / 7 / 6

3.89

(Dingyou) Emperor An (Dezong changed to Long'an 1) / 4 / 2 / Northern Liang (Of the Juqu clan, styled Mengxun; enthroned, styled Shenxi 1; capital in Guzang Commandery) / 8 / Jianchu 1 (Fu Chong was enthroned and conquered by Gangui; lasting forty-four years in all)

3.90

(Wuxu) 2 / Hongshi 1 / Tianxing 1 / 2 / 9

3.91

(Jihai) 3 / 2 / 2 / Yongchu 1 (Capital moved to Zhangye) / 10

3.92

(Gengzi) 4 / 3 (In spring, interlocking branches grew on the trees in the temple courtyard; in winter, Kumārajīva arrived in Chang'an to propagate the Dharma) / 3 / 2 / 11

3.93

(Xinchou) 5 (Changed to Yuanxing 1) / 4 (On the fifth day of the third month, the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra in ten fascicles was translated; in the twelfth month, the Viśeṣacintibrahma-paripṛcchā-sūtra in four fascicles was translated; both translated by Kumārajīva) / 4 / 3 / 12

3.94

(Renyin) Daheng 1 (Huan Xuan usurped) / 5 (On the twenty-third day of the fourth month, Kumārajīva, in the Xiaoyao Garden, translated the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra in forty fascicles, with Xing participating in person) / 5 / 4 / 13 (Gangui was captured by Yao Xing and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guiyi)

3.95

(Guimao) Yongshi 1 / 6 (On the seventeenth day of the tenth month, Puṇyatāra, at Zhong Temple, translated the Sarvāstivāda-vinaya in fifty-eight fascicles) / 6 / 5 / Liuyao was enthroned (Capital moved to Jincheng; styled Gengshi 1)

3.96

(Jiachen) Taihe 1 / 7 (In the first month, Kumārajīva translated the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra in seven fascicles; in the sixth month, he also translated the Buddhapiṭaka-sūtra in three fascicles) / Tianci 1 / 6 / 2

3.97

(Yisi), [Eastern Jin] first year of Yixi; [Later Qin] eighth year (Huashou jing in ten fascicles translated by [Kumāra]jīva); [Northern Wei] second year; [Western Qin] seventh year; [Northern Liang] third year.

3.98

(Bingwu), [Eastern Jin] second year (The King of Siṃhala dispatched the śramaṇa Tanmo to come and present a white jade image, four chi and two cun in height; this image is now located in Xingshan Temple); [Later Qin] ninth year (Dharmayaśas translated the Śāriputrābhidharma in thirty fascicles); [Northern Wei] third year; [Western Qin] eighth year; [Northern Liang] fourth year.

3.99

(Dingwei), [Eastern Jin] third year; [Later Qin] tenth year ([Kumāra]jīva translated the Xiaopin jing in ten fascicles); [Northern Wei] fourth year; [Western Qin] ninth year; [Northern Liang] fifth year.

3.100

(Wushen), [Eastern Jin] fourth year; [Later Qin] eleventh year (On the twentieth day of the eighth month, [Kumāra]jīva passed away in Xiaoyao Garden; cremated according to the foreign custom, only his tongue did not turn to ash); [Northern Wei] fifth year; [Western Qin] tenth year; [Northern Liang] sixth year.

3.101

(Jiyou), [Eastern Jin] fifth year; [Later Qin] twelfth year; [Northern Wei] Emperor Mingyuan ascended the throne (reign era changed to the first year of Yongxing); [Western Qin] eleventh year; [Northern Liang] seventh year.

3.102

(Gengxu), [Eastern Jin] sixth year; [Later Qin] thirteenth year; [Northern Wei] second year; [Western Qin] twelfth year; [Northern Liang] eighth year.

3.103

(Xinhai), [Eastern Jin] seventh year; [Later Qin] fourteenth year; [Northern Wei] third year; [Western Qin] thirteenth year; [Northern Liang] ninth year.

3.104

(Renzi), [Eastern Jin] eighth year; [Later Qin] fifteenth year; [Northern Wei] fourth year; [Northern Liang] first year of Xuanshi (The seat of government returned to Guzang; [Dharmakṣe]ma first arrived in the Liang territory); [Western Qin] Chipan ascended the throne (reign era changed to the first year of Yongkang).

3.105

(Guichou), [Eastern Jin] ninth year; [Later Qin] sixteenth year; [Northern Wei] fifth year; [Western Qin] second year; [Northern Liang] second year.

3.106

(Jiayin), [Eastern Jin] tenth year; [Later Qin] seventeenth year; [Northern Wei] first year of Shenrui; [Western Qin] third year; [Northern Liang] third year (Dharmakṣema translated the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra in forty fascicles).

3.107

(Yimao), [Eastern Jin] eleventh year; [Later Qin] eighteenth year; [Northern Wei] second year; [Western Qin] fourth year; [Northern Liang] fourth year.

3.108

(Bingchen), [Eastern Jin] twelfth year; [Later Qin] Emperor Hong ascended the throne (Son of [Yao] Xing; reign era changed to the first year of Yonghe); [Northern Wei] first year of Taichang; [Western Qin] fifth year; [Northern Liang] fifth year.

3.109

(Dingsi), [Eastern Jin] thirteenth year; [Later Qin] second year (Destroyed by Liu Yu, general of the Jin; [the dynasty lasted] thirty-two years in all); [Northern Wei] second year; [Western Qin] sixth year; [Northern Liang] sixth year.

3.110

(Wuwu), [Eastern Jin] fourteenth year (In the twelfth month, the Emperor passed away); [Northern Wei] third year; [Western Qin] seventh year; [Northern Liang] seventh year ([Dharmakṣe]ma translated the Sāgara-nāgarāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra in four fascicles).

3.111

(Jiwei), [Eastern Jin] Emperor Gong, Dewen (Younger brother of Emperor An; called the first year of Yuanxi; abdicated in favor of the Song); [Northern Wei] fourth year; [Western Qin] eighth year; [Northern Liang] eighth year.

3.112

Song (Gengshen), Emperor Wu, Yu (designated the first year of Yongchu); [Northern Wei] fifth year; [Western Qin] ninth year; [Northern Liang] ninth year.

3.113

(Xinyou), [Song] second year (Buddhabhadra translated the Avataṃsaka Sūtra in fifty fascicles, or sixty fascicles, at Daochang Temple; begun in the fourteenth year of Yixi, it was completed at this time); [Northern Wei] sixth year; [Western Qin] tenth year; [Northern Liang] tenth year (Dharmakṣema's translation of scriptures completely concluded in this year).

3.114

(Renxu), [Song] third year (In the fifth month, the Emperor passed away); [Northern Wei] seventh year; [Western Qin] eleventh year; [Northern Liang] eleventh year.

3.115

(Guihai), [Song] the Deposed Emperor Yifu (Crown prince of Emperor Wu; designated the first year of Jingping; deposed in the fifth month; in the eighth month, [Yil]ong was enthroned); [Northern Wei] Emperor Taiwu ascended the throne (reign era changed); [Western Qin] twelfth year; [Northern Liang] twelfth year.

3.116

(Jiazi), [Song] Emperor Wen, Yilong (Second son of Emperor Wu; designated the first year of Yuanjia); [Northern Wei] first year of Shiguang (Heavenly Master Kou Qianzhi arrived at the capital); [Western Qin] thirteenth year; [Northern Liang] thirteenth year.

3.117

(Yichou), [Song] second year; [Northern Wei] second year (Daoist altars established); [Western Qin] fourteenth year; [Northern Liang] fourteenth year.

3.118

(Bingyin), [Song] third year; [Northern Wei] third year; [Northern Liang] first year of Chengxuan; [Western Qin] fifteenth year.

3.119

(Dingmao), [Song] fourth year; [Northern Wei] fourth year; [Northern Liang] second year; [Western Qin] sixteenth year.

3.120

(Wuchen), [Song] fifth year; [Northern Wei] first year of Shenjia (On the thirteenth day of the eleventh month, the daytime darkened and stars appeared all day); [Northern Liang] first year of Yihe; [Western Qin] seventeenth year.

3.121

(Jisi), [Song] sixth year; [Northern Wei] second year; [Northern Liang] second year; [Western Qin] Mumo ascended the throne (reign era changed to the first year of Yonghe).

3.122

(Gengwu), [Song] seventh year; [Northern Wei] third year; [Northern Liang] third year; [Western Qin] second year (Destroyed by Helian of the Xia; incorporated back into the Wei; [the state lasted] forty-four years in all).

3.123

(Xinwei), [Song] eighth year; [Northern Wei] fourth year (Daoist altars established in all prefectures and garrisons, with two hundred disciples allocated to each); [Northern Liang] Qian ascended the throne (Son of [Juqu Meng]xun; designated the first year of Yonghe).

3.124

(Renshen), [Song] ninth year; [Northern Wei] first year of Yanhe; [Northern Liang] second year.

3.125

(Guiyou), [Song] tenth year; [Northern Wei] second year; [Northern Liang] third year.

3.126

(Jiaxu), [Song] eleventh year; [Northern Wei] third year; [Northern Liang] fourth year (Dharmakṣema, foreknowing his lifespan, passed away in this year).

3.127

(Yihai), [Song] twelfth year; [Northern Wei] first year of Taiyan; [Northern Liang] fifth year.

3.128

(Bingzi), [Song] thirteenth year; [Northern Wei] second year; [Northern Liang] sixth year.

3.129

(Dingchou), [Song] fourteenth year; [Northern Wei] third year; [Northern Liang] seventh year.

3.130

(Wuyin), [Song] fifteenth year; [Northern Wei] fourth year; [Northern Liang] eighth year.

3.131

(Jimao), [Song] sixteenth year; [Northern Wei] fifth year (Taiwu personally campaigned to the west); [Northern Liang] ninth year (Destroyed by the Wei; Liang had stood for forty-three years in all).

3.132

(Gengchen), [Song] seventeenth year; [Northern Wei] first year of Taiping Zhenjun.

3.133

(Xinsi), [Song] eighteenth year; [Northern Wei] second year.

3.134

(Renwu), [Song] nineteenth year; [Northern Wei] third year.

3.135

(Guiwei), [Song] twentieth year; [Northern Wei] fourth year.

3.136

(Jiashen), [Song] twenty-first year; [Northern Wei] fifth year.

3.137

(Yiyou), [Song] twenty-second year; [Northern Wei] sixth year.

3.138

(Bingxu), [Song] twenty-third year; [Northern Wei] seventh year (Stūpas were destroyed and the Buddhadharma was suppressed).

3.139

(Dinghai), [Song] twenty-fourth year; [Northern Wei] eighth year.

3.140

(Wuzi), [Song] twenty-fifth year; [Northern Wei] ninth year.

3.141

(Jichou), [Song] twenty-sixth year; [Northern Wei] tenth year.

3.142

(Gengyin), [Song] twenty-seventh year; [Northern Wei] eleventh year (Cui Hao was executed).

3.143

(Xinmao), [Song] twenty-eighth year; [Northern Wei] first year of Zhengping.

3.144

(Renchen), [Song] twenty-ninth year; [Northern Wei] Emperor Wencheng ascended the throne (designated the first year of Xing'an; rebuilt stūpas and restored the triratna).

3.145

(Guisi), [Song] thirtieth year (In the second month, the Emperor passed away; Crown Prince Shao was enthroned; by the fourth month, Shao was executed; Shao's younger brother was enthroned and designated the first year of Taichu); [Northern Wei] second year.

3.146

(Jiawu), [Song] Emperor Xiaowu, Jun (designated the first year of Xiaojian); [Northern Wei] first year of Xingguang.

3.147

(Yiwei), [Song] second year; [Northern Wei] first year of Tai'an.

3.148

(Bingshen), [Song] third year; [Northern Wei] second year.

3.149

(Dingyou), [Song] first year of Daming; [Northern Wei] third year.

3.150

(Wuxu), [Song] second year; [Northern Wei] fourth year.

3.151

(Jihai), [Song] third year; [Northern Wei] fifth year.

3.152

(Gengzi), [Song] fourth year (Guangzhou presented a three-horned ox; Henan presented dancing horses; the Sushen presented arrows of bitter-wood); [Northern Wei] first year of Heping.

3.153

(Xinchou), [Song] fifth year; [Northern Wei] second year.

3.154

(Renyin), [Song] sixth year; [Northern Wei] third year (Śramaṇa Tanyao of the Zhaoxuan office rejoiced in the revival of the triratna, and thereupon personally translated the Jingdu sanmei jing in one fascicle and the Fu fazang zhuan in four fascicles at the Grotto Temple of the Northern Terrace, so as to propagate the semblance Dharma).

3.155

(Guimao), [Song] seventh year (Emperor Wu's descendant Ye ascended the throne; designated the first year of Yongguang; later changed to the first year of Jinghe); [Northern Wei] fourth year.

3.156

(Jiachen), [Song] eighth year (In the twelfth month, Ye was deposed; Ye's younger brother, named Huo or styled Xiubing, was enthroned; this was Emperor Ming; the reign era was changed); [Northern Wei] fifth year.

3.157

(Yisi), Taishi, year 1 [465 CE]; Northern Wei: [Heping], year 6.

3.158

(Bingwu), year 2; Northern Wei: Emperor Xianwen ascended the throne (inaugurating Tian'an, year 1).

3.159

(Dingwei), year 3; Northern Wei: Huangxing, year 1.

3.160

(Wushen), year 4; Northern Wei: [Huangxing], year 2.

3.161

(Jiyou), year 5; Northern Wei: [Huangxing], year 3.

3.162

(Gengxu), year 6; Northern Wei: [Huangxing], year 4.

3.163

(Xinhai), year 7; Northern Wei: Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne (inaugurating Yanxing, year 1).

3.164

(Renzi), Taiyu, year 1 (Emperor Ming's son Yu ascended the throne and changed the reign title); Northern Wei: [Yanxing], year 2 (Kikkaye, for the Saṅghanāyaka Tanyao, translated the Zabaozang jing and other scriptures, in four works totaling twenty fascicles; fully recorded in the Wei Catalogue).

3.165

(Guichou), Yuanhui, year 1; Northern Wei: [Yanxing], year 3.

3.166

(Jiayin), year 2; Northern Wei: [Yanxing], year 4.

3.167

(Yimao), year 3 (the wife of Xu Tan, a native of Dongguan, was pregnant, and the child wept in the womb); Northern Wei: [Yanxing], year 5.

3.168

(Bingchen), year 4; Northern Wei: Chengming, year 1 (at the northern capital [Pingcheng] there were over one hundred monasteries and more than two thousand monks and nuns; across the four quarters there were 6,478 monasteries and 77,250 monks and nuns; seen in the Wei History).

3.169

(Dingsi), Emperor Shun, [whose personal name was] Zhun, ascended the throne (Yu's younger brother; inaugurating Shengming, year 1); Northern Wei: Taihe, year 1.

3.170

(Wuwu), year 2 (abdicated to Qi); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 2.

3.171

Southern Qi: (Jiwei), Emperor Gao, [Xiao] Daocheng (inaugurating Jianyuan, year 1); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 3.

3.172

(Gengshen), year 2; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 4.

3.173

(Xinyou), year 3; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 5.

3.174

(Renxu), year 4; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 6.

3.175

(Guihai), year 5; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 7.

3.176

(Jiazi), Emperor Wu, [Xiao] Ze, ascended the throne (Emperor Gao's son; inaugurating Yongming, year 1); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 8.

3.177

(Yichou), year 2; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 9.

3.178

(Bingyin), year 3; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 10.

3.179

(Dingmao), year 4 (on the first day of the third month, a stone weighing several tens of hu floated out of the sea into the river; it was retrieved and presented [to the court], and carved into an image pedestal more than three chi high); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 11.

3.180

(Wuchen), year 5 (in the first month, Jiaozhou presented a pearl two cun high, completely formed in the shape of a seated Buddha image; in the fifth month, a śramaṇa of Zhiyuan Monastery attained the third fruit); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 12 (Jizhou sent a nine-tailed fox; a general amnesty was granted).

3.181

(Jisi), year 6 (in the sixth month, Dongyang presented a six-eyed tortoise with characters under its belly; also, the mast of the pagoda at Shanling Monastery emitted light); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 13.

3.182

(Gengwu), year 7; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 14.

3.183

(Xinwei), year 8; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 15.

3.184

(Renshen), year 9; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 16.

3.185

(Guiyou), year 10; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 17 (the ancestral temple was moved to Luoyang).

3.186

(Jiaxu), Longchang, year 1 (in the seventh month the emperor died; Crown Prince [Xiao] Zhaoye ascended the throne; in the tenth month Zhaoye's younger brother Xiao Zhaowen, Prince of Xin'an, ascended the throne; in the twelfth month Zhaowen's uncle [Xiao] Luan ascended the throne); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 18.

3.187

(Yihai), Jianwu, year 1; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 19 (a general amnesty was proclaimed; headwear, robes, regulations, and court dress were instituted; the four seas were stabilized; family ranks were established; laws and decrees were promulgated; correct pronunciation was rectified; the surname Tuoba was changed to Yuan; rites and music were cultivated).

3.188

(Bingzi), year 2; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 20.

3.189

(Dingchou), year 3; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 21.

3.190

(Wuyin), year 4; Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 22.

3.191

(Yimao), Yongtai, year 1 (Xiao Baojuan, Marquis of Donghun, ascended the throne); Northern Wei: [Taihe], year 23.

3.192

(Gengchen), Yongyuan, year 1; Northern Wei: Emperor Xuanwu ascended the throne (son of Xiaowen; changed the era to Jingming, year 1).

3.193

(Xinsi), Zhongxing, year 1 (Xiao Baorong, Prince of Nankang, ascended the throne and changed the reign title; abdicated to Liang); Northern Wei: [Jingming], year 2 (Dharmaruci translated the two-fascicle Rulai ru zhofo jingjie jing for Emperor Xuanwu at Baima Monastery in Luoyang).

3.194

Liang: (Renwu), Emperor Wu, [Xiao] Yan (Tianjian, year 1; capital at Jiankang); Northern Wei: [Jingming], year 3.

3.195

(Guichou), year 2 (the śramaṇa Mandra produced three works totaling ten fascicles, including the Baoyun jing); Northern Wei: [Jingming], year 4.

3.196

(Jiashen), year 3 (the śramaṇa Sengsheng produced the one-fascicle Jiaojie biqiu fa; the śramaṇa Daohuan produced the one-fascicle Zhongjing yaolan fa); Northern Wei: Zhengshi, year 1 (Dharmaruci translated the five-fascicle Xinli ruyin famen jing, which was completed by the second year).

3.197

(Yiyou), year 4; Northern Wei: [Zhengshi], year 2.

3.198

(Bingxu), year 5; Northern Wei: [Zhengshi], year 3.

3.199

(Dinghai), year 6; Northern Wei: [Zhengshi], year 4 (Dharmaruci produced the one-fascicle Jinse wang jing).

3.200

(Wuzi), year 7 (an imperial decree ordered the śramaṇa Sengmin and others of Zhuangyan Monastery to compile the Zhongjing yaochao along with its catalogue in eighty-eight fascicles); Northern Wei: Yongping, year 1 (that is, Zhengshi, year 5; Ratnamati produced three works: the Shidi lun in twelve fascicles, the Baoji jing in four or three fascicles, and the Fahua jing lun in one fascicle; Bodhiruci produced the Sanjuzu lun in one fascicle).

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歷代三寶紀 — Classical Chinese