佛祖統紀 32.13

32.13

煬帝時。西域諸蕃多至張掖。與中國交市。帝令裴矩掌其事。撰西域圖記云。發自敦煌至於西海凡為三道北道從伊吾經蒲類海。鐵勒部。突厥。可汗（音克寒北虜主之號）庭。度北流河水。至拂菻國。達於西海。其中道。從高昌。焉耆。龜茲。疏勒。度葱嶺。鏺汗。蘇勒沙那。康國。曹國。何國。大小安國。穆國。至波斯。達於西海。其南道。從鄯善。于闐。朱俱波。喝盤陀。度葱嶺。經護密。吐火羅。挹[怡-台+(日/工)]。帆延。漕國。至北婆羅門。達於西海。其三道諸國

During the reign of Emperor Yang, many barbarian tribes of the Western Regions arrived at Zhangye to engage in trade with China. The Emperor ordered Pei Ju to oversee these affairs, who compiled the Illustrated Accounts of the Western Regions, stating: Starting from Dunhuang and reaching all the way to the Western Sea, there are three routes in total. The northern route goes from Yiwu via Lake Barkol (Pulei Sea), the Tiele tribes, the Tujue, and the court of the Qaghan (pronounced kehan, the title of the northern barbarian ruler), crosses the northern-flowing river, reaches the country of Fulin, and arrives at the Western Sea. The central route goes from Gaochang, Yanqi, Kucha (Qiuzi), and Kashgar (Shule), crosses the Pamir Mountains (Congling), and passes Ferghana (Bohan), Osrushana (Suleshana), Samarkand (Kangguo), Cao, He, Greater and Lesser Bukhara (Anguo), and Mu, reaching Persia and arriving at the Western Sea. The southern route goes from Shanshan, Khotan (Yutian), Zhujubo, and Tashkurgan (Qepanduo), crosses the Pamir Mountains, passes Wakhan (Humi), Tokharistan (Tuhuoluo), Yeda (Hephthalites), Bamiyan (Fanyan), and Jāguḍa (Zaoguo), reaching Northern India (Northern Brāhmaṇa), and arriving at the Western Sea. The various states along these three routes