佛祖統紀 32.13

32.13

During the reign of Emperor Yang, many barbarian tribes of the Western Regions arrived at Zhangye to engage in trade with China. The Emperor ordered Pei Ju to oversee these affairs, who compiled the Illustrated Accounts of the Western Regions, stating: Starting from Dunhuang and reaching all the way to the Western Sea, there are three routes in total. The northern route goes from Yiwu via Lake Barkol (Pulei Sea), the Tiele tribes, the Tujue, and the court of the Qaghan (pronounced kehan, the title of the northern barbarian ruler), crosses the northern-flowing river, reaches the country of Fulin, and arrives at the Western Sea. The central route goes from Gaochang, Yanqi, Kucha (Qiuzi), and Kashgar (Shule), crosses the Pamir Mountains (Congling), and passes Ferghana (Bohan), Osrushana (Suleshana), Samarkand (Kangguo), Cao, He, Greater and Lesser Bukhara (Anguo), and Mu, reaching Persia and arriving at the Western Sea. The southern route goes from Shanshan, Khotan (Yutian), Zhujubo, and Tashkurgan (Qepanduo), crosses the Pamir Mountains, passes Wakhan (Humi), Tokharistan (Tuhuoluo), Yeda (Hephthalites), Bamiyan (Fanyan), and Jāguḍa (Zaoguo), reaching Northern India (Northern Brāhmaṇa), and arriving at the Western Sea. The various states along these three routes