大唐西域記 3.4

3.4

烏仗那國，周五千餘里，山谷相屬，川澤連原。穀稼雖播，地利不滋。多蒲萄，少甘蔗，土產金、鐵，宜欝金香，林樹蓊欝，花果茂盛。寒暑和暢，風雨順序。人性怯懦，俗情譎詭。好學而不功，禁呪為藝業。多衣白㲲，少有餘服。語言雖異，大同印度。文字禮儀，頗相參預。崇重佛法，敬信大乘。夾蘇婆伐窣堵河，舊有一千四百伽藍，多已荒蕪。昔僧徒一萬八千，今漸減少。並學大乘，寂定為業，善誦其文，未究深義，戒行清潔，特閑禁呪。律儀傳訓，有五部焉：一法密部，二化地部，三飲光部，四說一切有部，五大眾部。天祠十有餘所，異道雜居。堅城四五，其王多治瞢揭釐城。城周十六七里，居人殷盛。

THE country of U-chang-na is about 5000 li in circuit; the mountains and valleys are continuously connected, and the valleys and marshes alternate with a succession of high plateaux. Though various kinds of grain are sown, yet the crops are not rich. The grape is abundant, the sugar-cane scarce. The earth produces gold and iron, and is favourable to the cultivation of the scented (shrub) called Yo-kin (turmeric). The forests are thick and shady, the fruits and flowers abundant. The cold and heat are agreeably tempered, the wind and rain come in their season. The people are soft and effeminate, and in disposition are somewhat sly and crafty. They love learning yet have no application. They practise the art of using charms (religious sentences as charms). Their clothing is white cotton, and they wear little else. Their language, though different in some points, yet greatly resembles that of India. Their written characters and their rules of etiquette are also of a mixed character as before. They greatly reverence the law of Buddha and are believers in the Great Vehicle.

On both sides of the river Su-po-fa-su-tu, there are some 1400 old sanghârâmas. They are now generally waste and desolate; formerly there were some 18,000 priests in them, but gradually they have become less, till now there are very few. They study the Great Vehicle; they practise the duty of quiet meditation, and have pleasure in reciting texts relating to this subject, but have no great understanding as to them. The (priests who) practise the rules of morality lead a pure life and purposely prohibit the use of charms. The schools of the Vinaya traditionally known amongst them are the Sarvastivadins, the Dharmaguptas, the Mahisasakas, the Kasyapiyas, and the Mahasanghikas: these five. There are about ten temples of Devas, and a mixed number of unbelievers who dwell in them. There are four or five strong towns. The kings mostly reign at Mungali (Mung-kie-li) as their capital. This town is about 16 or 17 li in circuit and thickly populated. Four or five li to the east of Mungali is a great stupa, where very many spiritual portents are seen. This is the spot where Buddha, when he lived in old time, was the Rishi who practised patience (Kshanti-rishi), and for the sake of Kaliraja endured the dismemberment of his body.