諸經要集 5.94

5.94

Furthermore, the Upāli-śāstra states: "If ordained monks, nuns, white-robed laity, and so forth, after finishing the midday meal, do not use bath powders, gomaya, and the like to rinse their mouths, none of their fasts are accomplished. As in the past there was a monk named Lianti who observed the fasts and precepts without lapse for sixty years; on only one day did his meal with the use of gomaya, pea flour, and so on accomplish the fast. If not like this, none of the fasts are accomplished." This text has no title. Relying on the Chuyao lüyi, it states: "Gomaya is cow dung." If one relies on this text, could it be that cow dung is used to cleanse the mouth? The biography by Dharma Master She states: "In the Western Regions, commoners, non-Buddhists, and so on worship Brahmā and cattle, considering that these two give birth to the myriad things and nurture the people; hence they take cow dung to purify ritual arenas. The Buddha conformed to worldly customs and also regarded it as pure; yet how could it be used to cleanse the mouth?" If one relies on the Dharmaguptaka-vinaya and others, one only protects the four deportments of walking, standing, sitting, and lying down, eats the five proper foods, and if the four aspects are not violated, then the method of fasting is accomplished. It does not speak of using bath powders to cleanse the mouth to accomplish the fast. If the proper time is passed or the deportment is lost, even if one uses bath powders, the fast is still not accomplished. Furthermore, the Samantapāsādikā states: "If after the meal one vomits food, and it has not yet left the throat, swallowing it back down is not an offense. If it has come out and one swallows it back down, it is an offense." Furthermore, the Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya states: "If after eating one is thirsty, the Buddha allowed taking any grain, beans, or barley and boiling them; if unbroken, one may take the liquid and drink it at improper times. If it is ghee, oil, honey, and rock sugar, or various raw fruit juices, and so on, they must be purified with water before one may drink them. If the residual water at the bottom of a vessel is splashed by rain, it is also called purified." The Samantapāsādikā states: "Lotus-root juice (śālukarasa)—if its liquid is strained so that it is clear, it may be drunk at improper times (meaning lotus rhizome)." The Mātṛkā-śāstra states: "Molasses syrup may also be drunk at improper times." The Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya states: "Humans have four hundred and four illnesses: one hundred and one wind disorders, which are cured using fat and oil; one hundred and one fire disorders of heat, which are cured using ghee; one hundred and one water disorders of cold, which are cured using honey; and one hundred and one mixed disorders, which are cured according to convenience using the above three medicines." The Sarvāstivāda-vinaya states: "Rock sugar must not be eaten arbitrarily at improper times. There are five kinds of people who may eat it at improper times: long-distance travelers, the sick, those with little food, and if it is at a water-offering place, mixed with water it may be drunk." The Mahīśāsaka-vinaya states: "One is permitted to drink it at the two times of hunger and thirst (hence it is known that if one is not sick and it is an improper time, even if it is rock sugar, ghee, oil, and so on, one must not eat it)." The Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya states: "Black pepper, long pepper, ginger, harītakī, and the like—these medicines may be eaten at any time; when blended, they are permitted to be taken at improper times." Furthermore, the Dharmaguptaka-vinaya states: "All bitter, pungent, salty, and sweet things that are not fit to be eaten as food are permitted to be taken as life-long medicines at improper times." The Samantapāsādikā states: "All trees, as well as fruits, roots, stems, branches, and leaves that are not fit to be eaten as food, may all be taken as life-long medicines."