釋氏要覽 1.30

1.30

肇師云。出家之都名也。梵云。沙迦懣（懣門字上聲呼之）曩。唐言勤息謂此人勤修善品。息諸惡故。又秦譯云。勤行謂勤修善法行趣涅槃也。或云沙門那。或云桑門。皆譯人楚夏爾○涅槃經云。沙門。此云。善覺○大方廣寶篋經云。離諸纏聚。故名沙門○大莊嚴經云。超過染著名沙門○正法念處經云。心無所樂著。一切不希望。能脫一切貪。是名為沙門○華首經云。如空無觸礙。烟塵無所污。我說沙門法。無染亦如是○寶積經云。沙門者寂滅故。調伏故。受教故。戒身淨故。如實義故。得解脫故。離三十八法故。堅心不動如地故。護彼我意故。於諸形相無染著。如空中動手無所礙故。成就如是多法故。名沙門○長阿含經云。沙門者。捨離恩愛。出家修道。攝御諸根。不染外欲慈心一切。無所傷害。逢苦不戚。遇樂不忻。能忍如地○瑜伽論云。有四沙門。一勝道沙門。即佛等。二說道沙門。謂說正法者。三活道沙門。謂修諸善品者。四污道沙門。謂諸邪行者（道即八支聖道也。若有其道。自行邪行。非生道器。故名污道）。五分律云。佛始成道世皆稱為大沙門。

Master Zhao says: "It is the collective name for those who have left the household life (pravrajyā). In Sanskrit it is *śramaṇa* (śramaṇena). In the language of the Tang it is called 'diligent cessation' (*qinxi*), meaning that this person diligently cultivates good qualities and puts an end to all evils. Furthermore, the Qin translation renders it as 'diligent practice' (*qinxing*), meaning diligently cultivating wholesome dharmas and practicing to proceed toward nirvāṇa. Sometimes it is called *shamona* or *sangmen*, which are merely differences in pronunciation among translators." The *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* says: "*Śramaṇa*: here translated as 'Good Awakening' (*shan jue*)." The *Dārikā-ratnamañjūṣā-sūtra* says: "Free from the accumulation of all entanglements; hence it is named *śramaṇa*." The *Mahālaṅkāra-śāstra* says: "Transcending defiled attachment is called *śramaṇa*." The *Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna-sūtra* says: "The mind has no delight or attachment, hopes for nothing at all, and can be liberated from all greed; this is named a *śramaṇa*." The *Kuśalamūlasaṃparigraha-sūtra* says: "Like space, free from obstruction and contact, unstained by smoke or dust; what I preach as the dharma of a *śramaṇa* is unsoiled just like this." The *Ratnakūṭa Sūtra* says: "A *śramaṇa* is so called because of extinction, because of being subdued, because of receiving instruction, because of the purity of the body of precepts, because of the true meaning, because of obtaining liberation, because of abandoning the thirty-eight dharmas, because the firm mind is unshakable like the earth, because of protecting the minds of others and oneself, and because of having no defiled attachment to forms, just as moving one's hand in space meets no obstruction. Because of accomplishing so many dharmas as these, one is called a *śramaṇa*." The *Dīrghāgama* says: "A *śramaṇa* abandons affection and love, leaves the household life to cultivate the Way, restrains the sense faculties, is not tainted by external desires, has a mind of loving-kindness toward all without harming anything, does not grieve when meeting suffering, does not rejoice when encountering pleasure, and can endure like the earth." The *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* says: "There are four kinds of *śramaṇas*: first, the *śramaṇa* of the superior path, namely the Buddha and others; second, the *śramaṇa* who expounds the path, meaning one who explains the true Dharma; third, the *śramaṇa* who lives the path, meaning one who cultivates all wholesome qualities; fourth, the *śramaṇa* who defiles the path, meaning those of evil conduct (the path is the noble eightfold path; if one has this path yet personally engages in evil conduct, not being a vessel to produce the path, it is named defiling the path)." The *Pañcavargika-vinaya* says: "When the Buddha first attained the Way, the world all called him the Great Śramaṇa."