釋氏要覽 1.30

1.30

Master Zhao says: "It is the collective name for those who have left the household life (pravrajyā). In Sanskrit it is *śramaṇa* (śramaṇena). In the language of the Tang it is called 'diligent cessation' (*qinxi*), meaning that this person diligently cultivates good qualities and puts an end to all evils. Furthermore, the Qin translation renders it as 'diligent practice' (*qinxing*), meaning diligently cultivating wholesome dharmas and practicing to proceed toward nirvāṇa. Sometimes it is called *shamona* or *sangmen*, which are merely differences in pronunciation among translators." The *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* says: "*Śramaṇa*: here translated as 'Good Awakening' (*shan jue*)." The *Dārikā-ratnamañjūṣā-sūtra* says: "Free from the accumulation of all entanglements; hence it is named *śramaṇa*." The *Mahālaṅkāra-śāstra* says: "Transcending defiled attachment is called *śramaṇa*." The *Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna-sūtra* says: "The mind has no delight or attachment, hopes for nothing at all, and can be liberated from all greed; this is named a *śramaṇa*." The *Kuśalamūlasaṃparigraha-sūtra* says: "Like space, free from obstruction and contact, unstained by smoke or dust; what I preach as the dharma of a *śramaṇa* is unsoiled just like this." The *Ratnakūṭa Sūtra* says: "A *śramaṇa* is so called because of extinction, because of being subdued, because of receiving instruction, because of the purity of the body of precepts, because of the true meaning, because of obtaining liberation, because of abandoning the thirty-eight dharmas, because the firm mind is unshakable like the earth, because of protecting the minds of others and oneself, and because of having no defiled attachment to forms, just as moving one's hand in space meets no obstruction. Because of accomplishing so many dharmas as these, one is called a *śramaṇa*." The *Dīrghāgama* says: "A *śramaṇa* abandons affection and love, leaves the household life to cultivate the Way, restrains the sense faculties, is not tainted by external desires, has a mind of loving-kindness toward all without harming anything, does not grieve when meeting suffering, does not rejoice when encountering pleasure, and can endure like the earth." The *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* says: "There are four kinds of *śramaṇas*: first, the *śramaṇa* of the superior path, namely the Buddha and others; second, the *śramaṇa* who expounds the path, meaning one who explains the true Dharma; third, the *śramaṇa* who lives the path, meaning one who cultivates all wholesome qualities; fourth, the *śramaṇa* who defiles the path, meaning those of evil conduct (the path is the noble eightfold path; if one has this path yet personally engages in evil conduct, not being a vessel to produce the path, it is named defiling the path)." The *Pañcavargika-vinaya* says: "When the Buddha first attained the Way, the world all called him the Great Śramaṇa."