一切經音義 6.129

6.129

朋黨: Pronounced 匐 + 能 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “Those of the same teacher's school; those of the same kind.” The Liutao of Grand Duke Wang says: “Friends of friends are called 朋; 朋 of 朋 are called 黨.” Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says: “黨 means kin.” Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “It means to assist; it also says: helping each other conceal wrongdoing is called 黨.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed from 黑 with 尚 as phonetic.”