一切經音義 6

English (machine translation) 6

Language: English

6.2

Sounds and meanings of the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, from fascicle 461 through fascicle 519, 70 fascicles in total.

凋落 ("to wither and fall": the upper character has the fanqie 丁遙 [diāo]. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "Diāo means damaged." Jia's commentary to the Guoyu says: "Exhausted." Shuowen says: "Half damaged." It is composed of 冫 with 周 as the phonetic; 冫 is pronounced 氷. In the scripture text it is written as 彫, which is an erroneous usage. The lower character has the fanqie 即各 [luò]. Shuowen says: "The withering and fading of plants and trees." It is composed of 廾—pronounced cǎo—with 洛 as the phonetic. In the scripture text it is written with two dots as 落, an abbreviated corruption of cursive script.)

6.5

虛偽 ("empty and false": the upper character xū, according to Shuowen, is composed of 虍—pronounced 呼—and 丘. In the scripture text it is written with 雨 as 靈, which does not form a correct character. The lower character has the fanqie 危位 [wěi]. Guangya says: "Wěi means deception." Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: "Fake." Shuowen says: "Deceit." It is composed of 人 with 為 as the phonetic.)

6.6

誣罔 ("to falsely accuse and deceive": the upper character has the fanqie 武扶 [wū]. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "Wū means to deceive." Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: "Delusion." The Shifa says: "Not being trustworthy in affairs is called wū." Kaosheng says: "Crooked." Shuowen says: "To fabricate." It is composed of 言 with 巫 as the phonetic. The lower character has the fanqie 無昉 [wǎng]; it is a pictographic character, popularly written as 冈.)

6.7

不憚 ("not shrinking from": [fanqie] 唐爛 [dàn]. Zheng's commentary on the Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "To fear difficulty." Han's Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "To loathe." Guangya says: "To be alarmed." The ancient script writes it as 𢠸, with the same meaning and gloss. Shuowen says: "Dàn means to dread illness." It is composed of 心 with 單 as the phonetic.)

6.8

鼻嗅 ("to sniff with the nose": [fanqie] 休救 [xiù]. Yunying says: "To draw in breath with the nose." Shuowen says: "Approaching an odor with the nose is called xiù." It is composed of 鼻 with 臭 as the phonetic. The ancients simply used 臭 for xiù.)

6.9

Fascicle 462, Fascicle 463, Fascicle 464, Fascicle 465

6.10

The above four fascicles have duplicated text and are not glossed.

6.11

Fascicle 466

6.12

四雙 ("four pairs": [fanqie] 朔牎 [shuāng]. Gu Yewang says: "Shuāng is like two." Fangyan says: "Two flying birds." Shuowen says: "Two units." It is composed of two 隹—隹 means bird—and 又; 又 means a hand. A hand holding two birds is called shuāng. In the scripture text it is written with a reversed component as 雙, which is incorrect.)

6.13

八隻 ("eight singles": [fanqie] 征懌 [zhī]. The semantic explanation is like that of the character shuāng: a hand holding one bird is called zhī. In the scripture text it is written with a reversed component as 隻, which is incorrect.)

6.14

行漸次行 ("practicing the gradual progression": the upper character xíng has the fanqie 幸耕 [xíng]; the lower character xìng has the fanqie 行孟 [xìng]. For the character 次 [cì], Shuowen says: "Not advancing and not refined; composed of 欠 with 二 as the phonetic." The character cì is composed of 二.)

6.15

Fascicle 467, Fascicle 468

6.16

The above two fascicles contain nothing to phonetically transcribe or gloss.

6.17

Fascicle 469

6.18

(In this fascicle, the scripture text is largely identical to that in the previous Fascicle 381: from "bottom of the case," "trodden upon," "level," "wheel rim and hub," "tūla cotton," etc., up to "winding" at the end of Fascicle 470, all are as previously explained. Because the scripture text is duplicated, they are not glossed.)

6.19

交絡 ("interlacing": [fanqie] 郎各 [luò]. Guo's commentary to the Shanhaijing says: "Luò means to encircle." Fangyan says: "Between Han and Wei, encircling is called luò." Erya says: "Luò means a cord." Guo Pu says: "A cord is a rope." It is also written as 𦃆, which is an ancient character.)

6.20

綺畫 ("patterned drawings": the lower character has the fanqie 獲罵 [huà]. Shuowen says: "Huà means to demarcate boundaries; it represents the four borders of a field. The brush (yù) is that by which one draws boundaries. Chu calls it yù; Wu calls it lǜ; Yan and Zhao call it fú; Qin calls it bǐ." It is composed of 𤱪 with 一 as the phonetic; 𤱪 is pronounced 躡.)

6.21

纖長 ("slender and long": the upper character has the fanqie 相閻 [xiān] and was explained earlier. The lower character has the fanqie 丈良 [cháng]. Shuowen says: "Far-reaching and enduring." It is composed of 兀—兀 conveys the sense of high and distant—and from 上; persisting long, it changes and transforms; and it is composed of an inverted 亡. The above all explain the seal script character 長, which is an associative compound.)

6.22

與趺 ("giving the instep [or: sitting cross-legged]": the upper character has the fanqie 餘渚 [yǔ]. Shuowen says it is composed of [臼/一/八] with [├/(司-口)] as the phonetic; it is also written as 与, an ancient character. The lower character has the fanqie 府無 [fū]. Gujin zhengzi says: "The top of the foot." The standard form in Shuowen is written with 付 as 跗. In the scripture text it is written with 夫 as 趺, which is an interchangeable vulgar form. Some write it with 不 as 𧿤, which is incorrect.)

6.23

眼睫 ("eyelashes": [fanqie] 精葉 [jié]. The standard form in Shuowen is written as䀹: "The hairs beside the eyes." It is composed of 目 with 夾 as the phonetic; 夾 is pronounced 甲. Examining yǎnjié: these are the hairs on the eyelids. Shiming writes it as [起-巳+毛], which is a vulgar character; it explains: "Jié means inserted, joined; inserted into the eye sockets and joined together." Tongsuwen writes it with 妾 as 𥇒, explaining: "Eye hairs are called 𥇒." Shiji says: "The eyes can see a fine down hair but cannot see their own lashes." 插 [chā] has the fanqie 楚洽 [chā].)

6.24

Fascicle 470

6.25

惇肅 ("sincere and solemn": the lower character has the fanqie 嵩育 [sù]. Kong's commentary to the Shangshu says: "Sù means reverent; it means solemn." Erya says: "Sùsù means respectful." The Shifa says: "Strong in virtue and overcoming through righteousness is called sù; holding the mind with firm decision is called sù." Shuowen says: "Holding to affairs with attentiveness and reverence; composed of 聿 standing over 𣶒, trembling with awe, solemn with fear and strict reverence." It is an associative compound. 聿 has the fanqie 尼輙 [niè]; 𣶒 has the fanqie 恚緣 [yuān].)

6.26

那羅延 ("Nārāyaṇa": the Sanskrit name of a deva in the desire realm, also called Viṣṇu. Those who seek great strength attend upon and make offerings to him; if they pray with utmost sincerity, they mostly obtain supernormal strength.)

6.27

Fascicle 472

6.28

四衢 ("four-way crossroads": [fanqie] 具隅 [qú]. Erya says: "Leading in four directions is called a qú." Guo's commentary says: "Crossroads branching in four directions." Shuowen says: "Composed of 行 with 瞿 as the phonetic.")

6.29

變易 ("change and alteration": the upper character has the fanqie 兵眷 [biàn]. Baihu tong says: "Biàn means altering the constant; it means transformation." Shuowen says: "Composed of 攵 with 䜌 as the phonetic." The lower character has the fanqie 盈益 [yì]. Shuowen says: "A pictographic character, like a chameleon." Another explanation says: "The upper part is 日 [sun] and the lower part is 月 [moon], together forming 易, totaling nine strokes, the number of yang; it is an associative compound.")

6.30

將無 ("could it be that not": [fanqie] 即羊 [jiāng]. Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "Jiāng means about to; it means to assist." Yili says: "A grammatical particle." Guangya says: "To desire." Shuowen says: "Composed of 肉 and 寸; 寸 means measure; with 爿 as the phonetic." 爿 is pronounced qiáng; it is not a cow.)

6.31

𣀩法界 ("destroying the dharma realm": the upper character is pronounced 怪 [guài]; composed of the radical 攵, it is written as [敲-高+(十/(罩-卓+衣))].)

6.32

大族 ("great clan": [fanqie] 叢斛 [zú]. Liji says: "Five households make a bǐ; bǐ means neighbors. Five bǐ make a lǘ; lǘ means a neighborhood. Four lǘ make a zú, so that they assist one another in burial." Erya says: "A father's first-cousin brothers form a clan." Zheng's commentary says: "Zú means gathering." Jixun says: "Relatives; originally of the same surname." Shuowen says: "An arrowhead." Its original pronunciation has the fanqie 子錄 [zú]; it is a phonetic loan character, composed of 㫃 and 矢; 㫃 has the fanqie 焉謇 [yǎn].)

6.33

駞驢 ("camel and donkey": the upper character has the fanqie 唐那 [tuó], which is a vulgar character; the standard form is written as 駝. Yupian says: "It has fleshy saddles on its back, is able to bear heavy loads, and is skilled at walking far; the northern regions have an abundance of this animal." Guo's commentary to the Shanhaijing says: "It can travel three hundred li a day, carry a thousand jin, and knows where water springs are located." Gujin zhengzi says: "Both 𩧐 and 駝 are composed of the horse classifier 馬, being phono-semantic characters." 橐 is pronounced tuò; 它 is pronounced tuó. The lower character lǘ has the fanqie 呂猪 [lǘ]. Yili says: "The ruler shoots in the suburbs using a donkey target." Shuowen says: "Resembling a horse but smaller, with long ears and a cow's tail; composed of 馬 with 盧 as the phonetic.")

6.34

Fascicle 473, Fascicle 474, Fascicle 475, Fascicle 476

6.35

The above four fascicles contain nothing to phonetically transcribe or gloss.

6.36

Fascicle 477

6.37

達䋈 ("dāsa [lowly person]": [fanqie] 奴雅 [nǎ]. A Sanskrit word; here there is no direct translation; it refers to lowly people, butchers, fishermen, and dung removers.)

6.38

無翅 ("without wings": [fanqie] 施至 [chì]. Kaosheng says: "The wings of a bird." Shuowen says: "Composed of 羽 with 支 as the phonetic." Also written as 翄, 𦐊, or 𦑧, all of which are ancient characters.)

6.39

Fascicle 478

6.40

採菽氏 ("Bean-Gathering Clan [Maudgalyāyana]": an ancient translation of the Sanskrit Mahāmaudgalyāyana, which was an imprecise abbreviation. The correct Sanskrit is Mahā-Maudgalyāyana; in Tang speech this is Great Bean-Gathering Clan, popularly called Mung-Bean Master, which was the title of an ancient ṛṣi. Maudgalyāyana is the lineage of this ṛṣi; he is also called Kolika, or Kolita, or Kolida, which are all names of the same person.)

6.41

Fascicle 479

6.42

殉命 ("sacrificing one's life": [fanqie] 巡俊 [xùn]. Zuozhuan says: "Duke Wen of Jin died, and lavish burial began to employ human sacrifice." Du Yu says: "Escorting the dead with living humans and burying them alive is called xùn." Gujin zhengzi says: "Losing one's person to follow external things is called xùn." Shuowen says: "Composed of 歹 with 旬 as the phonetic; 歹 has the fanqie 五割 [è]." The lower character has the fanqie 明柄 [mìng]. Kaosheng says: "Altogether it has nine glosses: that endowed at birth; to command; Shuowen says: to send, to speak, to see, to trust, to avoid, to inform; Shuowen says: to dispatch; composed of 口 with 令 as the phonetic.")

6.43

撟誑 ("to feign and deceive": [fanqie] 薑夭 [jiǎo]. Jia's commentary to the Guoyu says: "What goes against the laws of the ancient kings is called jiǎo." Jixun says: "Jiǎo means deceitful." Shuowen says: "Jiǎo means taking arbitrary power." Kaosheng says: "Deceptive." Gu Yewang says: "To make false pretenses is called jiǎo." It is composed of 手 with 喬 as the phonetic. In the scripture text it is written with 矢 as 矯, which is a vulgar usage and not the original character.)

6.44

肅穆 ("solemn and serene": the upper character sù was already explained in the earlier Fascicle 470 of this fascicle. The lower character has the fanqie 莫卜 [mù]. Erya says: "Mù means reverent." Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "Beautiful." The Shifa says: "Spreading virtue and holding to righteousness is called mù; having an inner essence revealed outwardly is called mù." Shuowen says: "Mù means harmonious; composed of 禾 with [白/少/(彰-章)] as the phonetic." [白/少/(彰-章)] has the same sound as above; the character [白/少/(彰-章)] in Shuowen is composed of 白, 小, and 彡; 彡 is pronounced 衫.)

6.45

園林 ("gardens and groves": Shuowen writes it with the grass radical as 薗, or with two dots as 園; both are vulgar characters and not standard. Shuowen says it is composed of 囗 with 袁 as the phonetic, being an outer-shape and inner-sound character; 囗 is pronounced 韋.)

6.46

互無 ("mutually nonexistent": the upper character has the fanqie 胡固 [hù]. Shuowen says: "Hù means crossing." The scripture text writes it as 㸦, which is an erroneous vulgar variant. The lower character is pronounced 無; among the ancient and strange characters, it is the character wú; old translations of scriptures frequently used this character 无.)

6.47

烔然 ("blazing": [fanqie] 動東 [tóng]. Picang says: "Tóngtóng describes a blazing, hot appearance." Han's Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "Drought and heat." Pronouncing it dòng is incorrect.)

6.48

摽擊 ("to strike down and beat": [fanqie] 匹漂 [piāo]. Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "Piāo means to fall." Shuowen says: "To strike." It is composed of 手 with 票 as the phonetic; the sound has the fanqie 必遙 [biāo]. It is also written with the radical 支 as 𢿏, having the same meaning and usage as above; 𢿏 also means to cast aside. In scripture texts some write it with 風 as 飄, which is an erroneous usage; 飄 means a whirling wind, a whirlwind, not the scripture's meaning. The lower character has the fanqie 經亦 [jī]. Gu Yewang says: "Jī means to strike, beat, or hit." Shuowen says: "To branch off [support]; composed of 手 with 𣪠 as the phonetic; 𣪠 has the same sound as above; 支 has the fanqie 普卜 [pū].")

6.49

Reciting and chanting (諷誦: the first is pronounced with the fanqie [風]鳳 [fèng]; the second with the fanqie 徐用 [yòng]. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Reciting without the text is called feng; regulating it with melodic rhythm is called song." The Preface to the Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry states: "Superiors use feng to transform those below; inferiors use feng to satirize those above." In the Shuowen, the two characters define each other: feng is song, and song is feng. Both have the semantic element on the left and phonetic on the right. In the sūtra text it is written with 'gong' as 頌 [sòng]; although commonly interchangeable, it is not the original character, nor its original pronunciation or form, hence it is not adopted here).

6.50

Deep dark (幽冥: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 幼摎 [yōu]. Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: "You means dark and obscured." The Shuowen says: "Concealed." It derives from mountain [山] with 𢆶 as phonetic; 𢆶 is pronounced the same. The character 冥 has already been explained previously. 樛 is pronounced with the fanqie 經由 [jiū]).

6.51

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty

6.52

Vicious faction (兇黨: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 勗恭 [xiōng]. The Erya says: "Xiong means misfortune." In the previous text, fascicles 50 and 323 have both fully explained it. The Shuowen says it derives from 'person' [人] beneath 'misfortune' [凶], an associative compound).

6.53

Chief butcher (魁膾: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 苦瓌 [kuī]; the second with the fanqie 瓌外 [kuài]. Already explained previously in fascicle 105).

6.54

Not contrary (不相違: based on the meaning of the sūtra, it should be the character 違 [wéi]. In the sūtra text, it is written with 夌 as [這-言+夌], which does not form a valid character and cannot be used).

6.55

Barely emerge (纔出: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 藏來 [cái]. The Kaosheng says: "Cai means just barely." Gu Yewang says: "Cai is like barely." Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites pronounces it as the character 裁 [cái]. In the Book of Han, the Records of the Eastern Lodge of Han, and various historical works, as well as Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu, it is universally written as the character 財 [cái]. The Shuowen gives the pronunciation as chán, which is not adopted here. It derives from silk [糸], silk pronounced mì; and from [奐-大+比], pronounced with the fanqie 丑略 [chù]; 㲋 is a cunning hare, deriving from 'hare' [兔], hare pronounced with the fanqie 他固 [tù]. It being written in the sūtra with two 'hares' is incorrect).

6.56

Shield and guard (擁衛: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 邕拱 [yǒng]. The Cangjie pian says: "Yong means to support and hold." The Kaosheng says: "To protect." Character dictionaries state: "To shield." The Shuowen writes it as 𢹭, stating: "𢹭 means to embrace; deriving from 'hand' [手] with 雝 as phonetic." In common usage today it is written as 擁. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 榮喙 [wèi]. Wang Bi's commentary on the Classic of Changes says: "Wei means to protect." The Shuowen says: "Palace guards; deriving from 'to go' [行], meaning rows; and from 韋 and 帀, meaning to defend and garrison." In clerical script today it abbreviates and drops 帀, writing it as 衛).

6.57

Fully recover (痊除: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 七全 [quán]. The Zhuangzi says: "My illness has recovered slightly." Sima Biao says: "Quan also means cured." The Jixun says: "An illness recovering." The Kaosheng says: "An illness improving." The Shuowen states it derives from illness [疒], pronounced with the fanqie 女厄 [nè], with 全 as phonetic).

6.58

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-One

6.59

Frequently (數數: both pronounced with the fanqie 霜捉 [shuò]).

6.60

Come to harass (來嬈: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 寧鳥 [niǎo]. The Shuowen says: "To disturb and play with; deriving from 'woman' [女] with 堯 as phonetic").

6.61

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Two

6.62

Mountain cliff (山崖: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 牙皆 [yái]. The Guiyuan zhucong says: "A high, precipitous mountain ridge." The Kaosheng says: "A steep bank beside a mountain ravine." The Shuowen says: "A high precipice; deriving from 屵 [pronounced with the fanqie 五割, è] and an abbreviated 隹 as phonetic").

6.63

Encroaching on emptiness ([(土/儿/夕)*力]虛: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 力徵 [líng]. The Yupian says: "To encroach upon and insult; sometimes written simply as 夌." The Shuowen says: "夌 means to overstep; deriving from 'strength' [力] with 夌 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is frequently written with the mound radical [阜] as 陵, which refers to hills and mounds; or with 'water' or with the 'ice' radical—all of which are not the original character).

6.64

Like a blaze (如燎: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 遼銚 [liào]. The Rites of Zhou speaks of 'great beacons' (fenzhu) and 'courtyard torches' (tingliao). Zheng Xuan says: "Fen means great, an outdoor ground torch; set up outside the gate it is called a great beacon; placed inside the gate it is called a courtyard torch. Both serve to illuminate the crowd." The Shuowen says: "Setting a fire; deriving from 'fire' [火] with 尞 as phonetic." 尞 is pronounced liáo. These preceding three characters were already explained at the end of the first fascicle of Sounds and Meanings for the ninth fascicle of the previous sūtra).

6.65

Wipe and rub (抆摩: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 文粉 [wěn]).

6.66

Guilty conscience (釁心: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 昕靳 [xìn]. The Zuo zhuan says: "Xin means fault; a blemish or fissure." The Shuowen says: "Depicting consecrating a stove by anointing it with sacrificial blood; deriving from 酉 [yǒu, meaning wine] and an abbreviated 爨, with 分 as phonetic." In the sūtra it is written with 且 as 舋, a vulgar usage that does not form a valid character).

6.67

Valley echo (谷響: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 香兩 [xiǎng]. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: "Like an echo responding to a sound." The Shuowen says: "A sound; deriving from 'sound' [音] with 鄉 as phonetic." The character 鄉 derives from [山/一/夗] [pronounced xiàng] and from 皂 [pronounced xiāng], the ancient form of the character 香).

6.68

Belonging to (若屬: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 殊欲 [shǔ]. The Shuowen says: "Shu means connected; deriving from 'tail' [尾] with 蜀 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written as 屬, which is corrupt; in ancient script it is written as [土/而], which is also the character 屬).

6.69

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Three (no glosses)

6.70

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Four

6.71

Banner marks (幢相: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 濁江 [chuáng]. The Guangya says: "A banner (zhuang) is called a [翿-吋+可]." [翿-吋+可] is pronounced with the fanqie 徒到 [dào]. The Fangyan says: "A banner is a screen." Guo Pu's commentary says: "What dancers use to shield and conceal their bodies; in southern Chu a screen is called a [翿-吋+可], which is a banner." The Shuowen says: "Deriving from 'cloth' [巾] with 童 as phonetic." 巾 is pronounced jīn).

6.72

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Five

6.73

Open and illuminate (開闡: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 康姟 [kāi]. The Wenzidian shuo says: "Kai means to open through." The Guangya says: "To make clear." The Shuowen says: "To unfold; deriving from 'gate' [門] with 并 as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 昌演 [chǎn]. Han Kangbo's commentary on the Xici says: "Chan means to elucidate." The Cangjie pian says: "Chan also means to open." The Shuowen says: "Deriving from 'gate' [門] with 單 as phonetic").

6.74

Fabricate (製造: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 征例 [zhì]. The Kaosheng says: "To tear and sever." The Yunying says: "To cut and make clothes." The Cangjie pian says: "To rectify." The Shuowen writes it as 𧚳, stating: "To cut cloth for garments; deriving from 'clothing' [衣] with 制 as phonetic").

6.75

Investigate and examine (推究: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 出佳 [chuī]. The Kaosheng says: "To probe and interrogate." The Shuowen says: "To investigate thoroughly; deriving from 'hand' [手] with 隹 as phonetic; it also borrows the character 偕." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 鳩宥 [jiù]. The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: "Jiu means deep." The Shuowen says: "Exhaustive; deriving from 'cave' [穴] with 九 as phonetic." It is also written as 𠃙, 𡧫, 𠬚, or [究/敢], all of which are ancient forms).

6.76

Investigation and discernment (尋伺: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 祥淫 [xún]. The Kaosheng says: "Xun means to deliberate; to pursue." The Shuowen says: "To unravel; to order; deriving from 又 [yòu, meaning hand], ⺕, 工, and 寸; 寸 means to divide and regulate; the span of a person's two outstretched arms is called a xun." In ancient script it is written as 𡬰, an associative compound. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 司恣 [sì]. The Kaosheng says: "To inspect." The Shuowen says: "To watch; deriving from 'person' [人] with 司 as phonetic." In the sūtra it is written as 思, borrowing the pronunciation).

6.77

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Six (no characters requiring glosses)

6.78

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Seven

6.79

Brimming and overflowing (充溢: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 引一 [yì]. The Erya says: "Yi means full." The Guangya says: "Abundant." Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Surplus." The Shuowen says: "A vessel filled to the brim; deriving from 'water' [水] with 溢 as phonetic").

6.80

Aid and relieve (濟恤: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 笋律 [xù]. The Book of Documents says: "Only compassion in punishment." Fan Ning's Collected Explanations says: "Xu means compassion and worry." Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "To relieve and pity means to care for the poor." The Shuowen writes it as 卹, stating: "卹 means concern; deriving from 'blood' [血] with 卩 as phonetic." In the sūtra it is written as 恤, which is also commonly accepted).

6.81

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Eight (no characters requiring glosses)

6.82

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eighty-Nine

6.83

(In this fascicle, from 'examining the tendons and vessels of the body' downwards to 'rheum and earwax', all have already been fully explained in fascicle 53 of the previous sūtra, and again in fascicle 414).

6.84

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety

6.85

Sudden and precipitous (猝[日/出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十)]: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 村訥 [cù]. The Book of Zhou says: "Cu-[日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] means urgent." The Kaosheng says: "Hurried and flustered." It is also written as 踤 or simply as 卒. The Yunying says: "Sudden." The Shuowen says: "A dog bursting out from the grass to pursue a person is called cu; deriving from 'dog' [犬] with 卒 as phonetic." The character [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] has already been explained previously).

6.86

Not pursuing (不徇: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 旬俊 [xùn]. The Book of Documents says: "Pursuing goods and sex." Kong Anguo says: "Xun means to seek." The Rhapsody on the Owl says: "Greedy men pursue wealth; heroic men pursue fame"; this is it. The Guangya says: "To follow." The Yunying says: "To flaunt one's reputation and conduct is called xun." The standard form in the Shuowen is 𢓈, deriving from 彳 with 勻 as phonetic; writing it as 徇 is also acceptable. 彳 is pronounced with the fanqie 丑尺 [chì]; 勻 is pronounced with the fanqie 聿均 [yún]).

6.87

Constrained and crowded (迫迮: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 𰐗格 [bó]. Gu Yewang says: "Po is like bi (to press)." The Cangjie pian says: "Near; urgent; deriving from 辵 with 白 as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 阻格 [zé]. Character dictionaries say: "Ze also means pressed").

6.88

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-One

6.89

Endowed with (所稟: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 彼錦 [bǐng]. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: "Bing means to receive." The Guiyuan zhucong says: "To bestow grain upon people is called bing." The Shuowen says: "Deriving from 'grain' [禾] with 㐭 as phonetic." 㐭 is pronounced with the fanqie 力枕 [lǐn]. Writing it with 示 as 稟 is incorrect).

6.90

Scorn and suspicion (譏嫌: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 幾衣 [jī]. The Guangya says: "Ji means to remonstrate; to question." Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: "To reprimand and investigate." The Kaosheng says: "To resent and satirize." The Shuowen says: "Dislike; deriving from 'speech' [言] with 幾 as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 形兼 [xián]. The Gujin zhengzi says: "Xian means suspicion." The Kaosheng says: "Hostility in heart." The Shuowen says: "Unrest in the mind; deriving from 'woman' [女] with 兼 as phonetic." It is also written with 'heart' as 嫌).

6.91

Shaving off (鬀除: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 梯帝 [tì]. The Kaosheng says: "Ti means shaving hair." The Shuowen says: "To shave hair; deriving from 'hair' [髟] with 弟 as phonetic. For adults it is called kun; for children it is called ti." In the sūtra it is written with 'knife' as 剃, a vulgar character. 梯 is pronounced with the fanqie 體奚 [tī]; 𩮜 is pronounced tì; 髠 is pronounced kūn; 髟 is pronounced piáo).

6.92

Demarcate up to here (齊此: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 齊細 [jì], sometimes written with 'knife' as 劑. The Kaosheng says: "To apportion into sections." The Yunquan says: "A apportionment (fenji)." It is also written as [〦/(刀*了*?)/曲] or 齊, ancient characters. 劑 has the same pronunciation as above).

6.93

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Two (no characters requiring glosses or explanations)

6.94

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Three

6.95

No change (無易: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 盈益 [yì]. Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "To change and transform; different." Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: "To alter." Character dictionaries say: "To move." The Guangya says: "To turn." In ancient script it is written as 易, picturing a chameleon-like lizard. The Shuowen notes that Secretarial Assistant Jia explained the character 易 as consisting of the sun and the moon, while another theory says it derives from an abbreviated 勿; these are all speculative conclusions and not correct).

6.96

Shift and move (遷動: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 淺錢 [qiān]. The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: "Qian means to depart; also to follow." Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "To change." Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: "To alter and change." The Shuowen says: "To ascend; deriving from 辵 with 䙴 as phonetic." In ancient script it is written with 'hand' as 𢲸. In the sūtra it is written as 遷, a vulgar form. 䙴 is pronounced qiān. As for the second character, dòng, Li Si wrote it on the Mount Yi Stele with 'child' [童] as 勭; in ancient script it is written with 彳 as 㣫; the Shuowen also has it with 'run' [走] as 𧽿; all are identical).

6.97

Green and light blue (綠縹: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 力斸 [lù]. The Shuowen says: "Silk of a bluish-yellow colour." In ancient script it is written as 緜; it derives from silk [糸] with 彔 as phonetic. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 漂褾 [piǎo]. The Shuowen says: "Silk of a bluish-white colour." The two colours green and light blue both rank next to deep blue. Both characters have the semantic element on the left and phonetic on the right. 斸 is pronounced with the fanqie 冢綠 [zhù]).

6.98

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Four, Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Five, Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Six, Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Seven

6.99

The above four fascicles have no characters requiring explanations.

6.100

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Eight

6.101

Twelve quadrillions (十二京: the second is pronounced with the fanqie 景迎 [jīng]. The Shuowen writes it with 'mouth' [口] as 京; today it is vulgarly written with 'speak' [曰] as 亰, which is incorrect. 'Twelve jing' is a designation in numeration. I note that Liu Hong's Computational Classic of Nine Jing states that in the names of numeration from one up to zai (10⁴⁴) there are fifteen orders of magnitude; jing corresponds to the eighth: thousands, tens of thousands (wan), hundreds of millions (yi), trillions (zhao), quadrillions (jing)).

6.102

Ruined and decayed (敗壞: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 排賣 [bài]. The Shuowen says: "To destroy; deriving from 攴 with 貝 as phonetic." Today it is written with 文, an abbreviation of the branch radical. In ancient script it is written as 贁. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 懷怪 [huài]. The Shuowen says: "To collapse on its own is called huai; deriving from 'earth' [土] with 褱 as phonetic." 褱 is pronounced huái; it derives from 𥄳 and 衣; 𥄳 is pronounced with the fanqie 大合 [dá]).

6.103

Withered and decayed (衰朽: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 率歸 [shuī]. The Kaosheng says: "Shuai means feeble." The Yunying says: "Slight; depleted." The Shuowen says: "A rain cloak made of grass, a pictographic character." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 休柳 [xiǔ]. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: "Xiu means rotten." The Shuowen writes it with 歹 as [(餐-食)-又+ㄎ], identical to 朽. In the sūtra text it is written with 'wood' [木], which is also commonly accepted).

6.104

Fascicle Four Hundred and Ninety-Nine

6.105

Nourish and moisten (滋潤: pronounced with the fanqie 子思 [zī] and 如順 [rùn]. Fully explained previously in fascicle 78).

6.106

Pervasive mist (氤氳: the first is pronounced as yīn; the second with the fanqie 威雲 [yūn]. The Classic of Changes says: "Heaven and Earth mingle their vapor, and all things transform and flourish." The Guangya says: "Yinyun means primordial vapor." I observe that yinyun is an auspicious, propitious vapor, resembling clouds yet not clouds, light and ethereal like azure smoke. It derives from vapor [气, pronounced qì], with 因 and 昷 both serving as phonetics. It is also written with silk [糸] as 絪縕. 昷 is pronounced wēn; it derives from 曰 and 皿, an associative compound).

6.107

Fragrant and sweet-smelling (芬馥: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 芳文 [fēn]. The Kaosheng says: "Fenfen describes a fragrant aroma." The Shuowen says: "The fragrance diffusing when earth and grasses first sprout; originally deriving from 屮 [pronounced with the fanqie 丑列, chè]; nowadays it is also written with 'grass' [艸] with 分 as phonetic." In the sūtra text some write it with vapor [气] as 氛, pronounced fén, meaning auspicious vapor, which is not the sūtra's meaning; some write it with 'fragrance' [香] as 馚, which is an invalid character and incorrect. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 馮福 [fù]. The Han Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: "Fenfu describes a fragrant aroma; deriving from 'fragrance' [香] with 复 as phonetic").

6.108

推徵: The first character is pronounced like 吹. The Kaosheng says: “It means to cross-examine thoroughly.” The Jixun says: “It means to investigate; to inquire.” The Shuowen says: “It means to push.” It is formed from 手 with 隹 as phonetic; another explanation says it is formed from 隼. The second character, 徵, is pronounced 陟 + 陵 fanqie. The Guangya says: “徵 means to summon.” The Kaosheng says: “It means to hold responsible.” The Jixun says: “It means to seek.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed with a reduced form of 微 as phonetic, and from 壬.” The Wenzixing shuo says: “Metaphorically, when a virtuous person is among the humble and lowly, the imperial court summons him; hence it is formed from 壬 and from 微.”

6.109

Fascicle 500

6.110

窣覩波: Pronounced 孫 + 骨 fanqie. This is Sanskrit. In the Tang language, it is called “elevated and prominent place,” and is also termed a “square mound”; that is, the place where the fractured-body relics of the Tathāgata are deposited. Old translations sometimes have 蘇偷婆 (sūtóupó) or 塔婆 (tǎpó), which are all corruptions of the Sanskrit.

6.111

掩泥: 淹 + 撿 fanqie; properly written as 揜. The Kaosheng says: “掩 means to conceal.” The Yunying says: “It means to take by surprise.” The Shuowen says: “It means to cover.” It is formed from 手 with 奄 as phonetic. 奄 and 弇 have the same pronunciation as above.

6.112

兵戈: The first character is pronounced 秉 + 明 fanqie. The Cangjie pian says: “兵 means handle.” The Guangya says: “It means to defend against.” The Shiben says: “Chiyou created weapons.” Song Zhong's commentary says: “Chiyou was a minister of the Flame Emperor.” The Lüshi chunqiu says: “Chiyou sharpened his implements.” We consider that weapons represent awe-inspiring power, and awe-inspiring power means a blade. The Shuowen says: “兵 means military implements. It is formed from 廾 (pronounced like 拱), grasping a battle-axe and a blade.” In the Zhoudan script it is written with 人, 干, and 大, which is the ancient character. The second character, 戈, is pronounced 果 + 禾 fanqie. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “It is a hooked spear or halberd.” The Fangyan says: “Between Wu and Yang, a halberd is called a ge.” The Shuowen says: “A flat-headed halberd. It is formed from 弋 (pronounced like 翼), picturing a horizontal crossbar.”

6.113

僚佐: The first character is pronounced 歷 + 彫 fanqie; the second character is 臧 + 箇 fanqie. They have already been explained fully above, under Fascicle 100 of the sūtra in the third fascicle of these Sounds and Meanings.

6.114

甘蔗: The second character is pronounced 之 + 夜 fanqie.

6.115

Fascicle 501

6.116

[日/出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十)]惡: The first character is pronounced 蒱 + 冐 fanqie. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “It means to encroach upon and bully.” The Erya says: “It means strong.” The Guangya says: “It means sudden.” The Kaosheng says: “It means to violate; swift.” The Zishu says: “Fierce; harmful; devoid of goodness.” The Shuowen says: “Rushing toward somewhere with haste. It is formed from [(犀-尸)-牛+十] with a reduced form of 㬥 as phonetic.” [(犀-尸)-牛+十] is pronounced 滔. The second character is pronounced 阿 + 各 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “Not good.” The Jixun says: “Base.” The Shuowen says: “Fault. It is formed from 亞 (which means ugly) and from 心.” In the sūtra text it is written with 覀 as 𢙣, which is an error due to cursive clerical script.

6.117

殄滅: The first character is pronounced 亭 + 典 fanqie. Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “殄 means to extinguish.” Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “It means distress.” The Erya and Shuowen both say: “It means to exhaust.” It is formed from 歹 with 㐱 as phonetic. 歹 is pronounced like 殘, and 㐱 is pronounced like 軫. In the sūtra text it is written with 爾, which is incorrect. The second character is pronounced 綿 + 結 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “To perish.” The Yunquan says: “To dissipate.” The Shuowen says: “To exhaust. It is formed from 水, 戌, and 火; sometimes written as [威-女+少]; an ideogram.”

6.118

嚻動: The first character is pronounced 香 + 妖 fanqie. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “嚻 means clamorous.” The Shuowen says: “嚻 means restless and agitated; vessels protruding above the head. It is formed from 頁 (which means head) with a reduced form of 器 as phonetic; hence it says ‘vessels protruding above the head.’ 頁 is pronounced like 頡.”

6.119

纏繞: The first character is pronounced 徹 + 連 fanqie; the second character is 如 + 沼 fanqie. They have already been explained fully above, under Fascicle 37 of the previous sūtra.

6.120

善㩲: 達 + 袁 fanqie. Jia [Kui]’s commentary on the Guoyu says: “權 means to grasp; grasping power is called 權.” The Kaosheng says: “Transformation.” He [Xiu]’s commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: “A steelyard; that by which light and heavy are distinguished.” The Erya says: “Beginning.” The Gujin zhengzi says: “The weight of a steelyard. It is formed from 手 with 雚 (pronounced 灌) as phonetic.” The weight (錘) is pronounced 直 + 追 fanqie; the steelyard (稱) is pronounced 昌 + 證 fanqie.

6.121

違拒: The first character is pronounced like 韋; the second character is pronounced like 巨. They have already been explained fully above, under Fascicle 101 of the previous sūtra.

6.122

莫耆: The Sanskrit name of a medicine; already explained above under Fascicle 427.

6.123

威肅: Pronounced 相 + 昱 fanqie. Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “肅 means fearful and reverent; it also means stern and orderly.” Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says: “It means vigilant.” The Erya says: “肅肅 means respectful.” The Shifa says: “Unbending virtue capable of righteousness is called 肅; holding to one's mind with decisive resolution is called 肅.” The Shuowen says: “Conducting affairs with care and reverence. It is formed from 𦘒 standing over 𣶒, trembling with apprehension; solemn in awe and reverence; an ideogram. The bottom is formed from 𣶒; 𣶒 is pronounced 恚 + 緣 fanqie.”

6.124

軍旅: Pronounced 力 + 舉 fanqie. Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “旅 means a multitude.” The Zhouli says: “Five men make a wu; five wu make a liang; four liang make a zu; five zu make a lü.” The Shuowen says: “Five hundred men in an army. It is formed from 㫃 and 从.” 从 is pronounced 疾 + 容 fanqie, being the ancient character for 從. The character 軍 is formed from 勹 (pronounced like 包).

6.125

蠱道: The first character is pronounced 姑 + 午 fanqie. Wang Bi's commentary on the Zhouyi says: “蠱 means affairs.” The Zishu says: “蠱 is the spirit of vermin.” The Shuowen says: “Worms inside the belly; that which can sicken and harm people is called 蠱.” Sometimes pronounced like 野, it is also called the “wild path” (野道).

6.126

魍魎: The first character is pronounced like 罔; the second character is pronounced like 兩. Jia [Kui]’s commentary on the Guoyu says: “Water demons and monstrous ghosts.” The Huainanzi says: “The shape of the wangliang is like a three-year-old child, reddish-black, with red eyes, red claws, long ears, and fine hair.” It is sometimes written with 虫 as 蝄蜽, or as 𲌫魎.

6.127

災橫: The first character is pronounced 祖 + 來 fanqie. The Jixun says: “When heaven goes against the seasons, it is called 災.” The Zishu says: “Fires of heaven.” The Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya says: “Famine, epidemics, and warfare.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed from 火 with 巛 as phonetic (巛 has the same pronunciation as above).” The Gujin zhengzi says: “An ideogram depicting an object blocking a stream.” The second character is pronounced 懷 + 孟 fanqie. The Yunquan says: “That which comes without rhyme or reason is called 橫; when unexpected calamity arrives, it is called 橫.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed from 木 with 黃 as phonetic.”

6.128

香囊: Pronounced 乃 + 當 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “An incense pouch.” We consider that an incense pouch is a spherical vessel for burning incense, constructed with ingenious mechanism such that it rotates without capsizing, keeping the interior constantly level. The Jixun says: “A pouch with a bottom.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed from 𱔞 with a reduced form of 㯻, and 𱔞 is also phonetic.” 𱔞 is pronounced like 儜; 㯻 is pronounced 渾 + 悶 fanqie.

6.129

朋黨: Pronounced 匐 + 能 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “Those of the same teacher's school; those of the same kind.” The Liutao of Grand Duke Wang says: “Friends of friends are called 朋; 朋 of 朋 are called 黨.” Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says: “黨 means kin.” Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “It means to assist; it also says: helping each other conceal wrongdoing is called 黨.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed from 黑 with 尚 as phonetic.”

6.130

奮威: The first character is pronounced 粉 + 問 fanqie. The Guangya says: “奮 means to shake.” The Liji says: “To move.” The Yunying says: “To spread wings.” The Kaosheng says: “A bird about to flutter and move forward. It is formed from 大, 隹, and 田, picturing a bird spreading its feathers to take flight.”

6.131

勇銳: The first character is pronounced 欲 + 腫 fanqie. The Shuowen says: “勇 means courage. It is formed from 力 with 甬 (pronounced the same as above) as phonetic; originally written as 勈, but conventionally transmitted as 勇. Ancient script wrote it with 心 as 恿, or with 戈 and 用 as 勇; all are ideograms.” The second character is pronounced 悅 + 惠 fanqie. The Boya says: “銳 means sharp.” 銛 is pronounced 息 + 閻 fanqie. The Xiao Erya says: “銳 means sharp.” The Kaosheng says: “The point of an awl or knife.” The Shuowen says: “An awn. It is formed from 金 with 兌 as phonetic.”

6.132

摩揭陀國: 揭 is pronounced 居 + 櫱 fanqie. Sanskrit; a realm of Central India. It was in this country that the Tathāgata manifested the eight phases of attaining enlightenment. It contains the Vajrāsana and the Bodhi tree, and sacred traces of his wanderings and teachings are more numerous here than in other countries.

6.133

憍薩羅國: A realm of Central India, slightly near the southern frontier. In this country are the sacred traces of Bodhisattva Nāgārjuna's propagation of the teachings, and King Sadvaha carved out the Black Bee Mountain to make a saṅghārāma for Bodhisattva Nāgārjuna; in each of the vihāras golden statues were cast, matching the size of the Buddha's body, which still exist today.

6.134

刧比羅國: The correct Sanskrit sound is Kapilavastu. Old names were Kapilavastu-country or [simply] Jiāluó, which are all corruptions and abbreviations of the Sanskrit. This was the place where Śākyamuni Tathāgata descended to be born, the realm governed by King Śuddhodana. Within this country are Cock's Foot Mountain, Vipula Mountain, and the Pippala Stone Cave, where Mahākāśyapa and a thousand arhats compiled the sacred teachings of the Tripiṭaka.

6.135

吠舍釐國: 釐 is pronounced like 离. Anciently called Vaiśālī (毘舍離) or Viyālī (毘耶離), which are both corruptions. In this country are the former residence of the householder Vimalakīrti and the ten-foot-square chamber where he preached the Dharma; spiritual traces are very numerous, as well as the miraculous trace of the deer woman's thousand sons, and the place where seven hundred arhats compiled the sacred teachings.

6.136

栗呫毘王: The first character is pronounced 隣 + 一 fanqie; the second character is 昌 + 葉 fanqie. Sanskrit; a noble clan of that country. In the Nirvāṇa-sūtra and the Vimalakīrti-sūtra, the old name was Licchavi youths; they belong to the lineage of the kṣatriyas.

6.137

吉祥茅國: Anciently named Rājagṛha, the very center of the country of Magadha, where the ancient kings established their capital. It produces abundant, auspicious, fragrant Kuśa grass of superior quality, hence taking this as its name; it is also named Kuśāgrapura (City of Superior Grass). Lofty mountains encircle it on all four sides to serve as outer ramparts; to the west it opens onto a narrow path, with plants and trees growing lush and thick, and Karṇikāra trees filling the interior, their flowers blooming resplendently in golden color in the spring sunshine. The Kalandaka Bamboo Grove is north of the mountain city gate, looking down upon its flanks; Gṛdhrakūṭa Mountain is within this mountain city, outside the royal city.

6.138

Fascicle 503

6.139

氛郁: Pronounced 芳 + 文 fanqie. The Shuowen says: “Auspicious vapor; fragrant vapor; propitious vapor; sometimes written as 雰.” The second character is pronounced 於 + 六 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “郁郁 also describes the fullness of fragrant vapor. It is formed from 邑 with 有 as phonetic.”

6.140

旛鐸: The first character is pronounced 嬔 +䊟 fanqie. The Yunying says: “The collective term for flags and banners.” The Zishu says: “Banners and streamers. Nowadays made of five-colored interwoven fabrics, or painted with flowers, fruits, birds, and beasts, and hung up.” The Shuowen says: “旛 means pennant edge. It is formed from 㫃 with 番 as phonetic.” 嬔 is pronounced 旛 + 萬 fanqie; 䊟 is pronounced 無 + 煩 fanqie. The second character is pronounced 唐 + 洛 fanqie. Under the military laws of antiquity, the two marshals held bells: in civil matters they shook wooden bells—bronze bells with wooden clappers; in military affairs they shook metal bells—bronze bells with iron clappers. The Shuowen says: “A large bell. It is formed from 金 with 睪 as phonetic.”

6.141

負債: The first character is pronounced 扶 + 武 fanqie. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says: “負 means to rely upon.” The Shuowen says: “It is formed from 人 holding 貝, having something to rely on; it also says: receiving loans without being upright, hence 人 is above 貝; an ideogram. Conventionally written with 力 or with 刀, neither of which accords with the character's meaning.” The second character is pronounced 側 + 戒 fanqie. The Yunying says: “To owe wealth.”

6.142

能煥: Pronounced 歡 + 貫 fanqie. He [Yan]’s commentary on the Lunyu says: “煥 means bright. It is formed from 火 with 奐 (pronounced the same as above) as phonetic.”

6.143

腫皰: The first character is pronounced 鍾 + 勇 fanqie; the second character is 炮 + 貌 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “Small sores on the face.” The Shuowen says: “Pimples arising on the face.” The Cangjie has it formed from 皮 with 包 as phonetic. In the sūtra text it is written with 疒 as 疱, or with 面 as 靤; both are vulgar characters. 疒 is pronounced 女 + 厄 fanqie.

6.144

眩瞖, 枯涸, 箱篋, 莖榦: The characters above have already been glossed and explained above, under Fascicle 128 of the sūtra in the third fascicle of these Sounds and Meanings; please consult the previous text.

6.145

蔭影: The first character is pronounced 飲 + 今 fanqie; the second character is 英 + 景 fanqie.

6.146

一粒: Pronounced 臨 + 邑 fanqie. Generally, grain is counted in grains.

6.147

Fascicle 504

6.148

迷謬: Pronounced 糜 + 救 fanqie. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says: “謬 means error.” The Fangyan says: “To deceive.” The Guangya says: “To cheat.” The Shifa says: “When name and reality diverge, it is called 謬.” The Shuowen says: “The wild words of a madman. It is formed from 言 and 翏, with 翏 also phonetic.” 翏 is pronounced 力 + 幼 fanqie. In the sūtra text it is written with 尒, which is incorrect.

6.149

Fascicle 505

6.150

珊覩史多: The first character is pronounced 桑 + 安 fanqie. Sanskrit; the name of the middle heaven in the upper Desire Realm. Anciently named Tuṣita (兜率陀) or Dōushù (兜術), both of which are corrupt and abbreviated. In the Tang language, it is called “Contentment.” Because the lower heavens are mostly heedless, and the upper heavens are mostly dull and indolent, receiving pleasures without advancing, it is called “Contentment.” Bodhisattvas of their final rebirth who are destined to succeed to Buddhahood in one lifetime mostly serve as the king of this heaven; the future Maitreya is currently the king in that heaven.

6.151

Fascicle 506

6.152

地獄: Pronounced 虐 + 錄 fanqie. The Ji Jiu Zhang says: “Gaoyao first instituted prisons; the name of a minister of Yao.” The Yupian says: “The place where prisoners are bound; hence called 獄.” Du Yu's commentary on the Zhouli says: “Disputes over wealth are called 訟; disputes over crime are called 獄.” The Fengsu tong says: “The Three Kings instituted prisons: Xia called it Xiatai, Yin called it Youli, and Zhou called it Lingyu. From the Qin and Han onward, they have universally been named 獄.” The Shuowen says: “獄 means firm (確); 確 is pronounced 苦 + 角 fanqie. The character 獄 is formed from 犾 (pronounced 魚 + 斤 fanqie), two dogs biting each other, with 言 in the center, which means litigation; an ideogram; the two dogs are what guard it.” When the sūtras speak of ‘hells’ (地獄), they refer to the places of dark imprisonment under the unseen magistracy; because they are located beneath the world, they are called ‘earth-prisons’ (地獄). Consider the verse in the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya: / ‘Twenty thousand [yojanas] below this, / Deep and vast all around, is Avīci; / Above it are the seven narakas (捺 pronounced 奴 + 割 fanqie); / The eight secondary [hells] each number sixteen: / That is, the burning embers (塘 pronounced 唐; 煨 pronounced 烏 + 雷 fanqie), corpse mud, / Razor-blade mountain, and boiling river; / These additions each reside in their four directions. / The remaining eight are the cold hells.’ / These are all names of the great hells.

6.153

Either broad or narrow (作廣作陿: for 陿, the fanqie is 霞甲 [xiá]. The Liji says: 'When broad, it tolerates villainy; when narrow, it gives rise to desires.' The Kaosheng says: '陿 means confined (櫻介 [yài]).' The Yupian says: 'Pressed and confined, not expansive.' The sūtra text writes it with radical 犬 as 狹, which is an error; that is rather the character for 'tame/familiar' [狹/狎]. It takes radical 犬 because hounds and horses are tamed, and also denotes slighting or despising, which differs greatly from the sense of the sūtra. Some write it with radical 阝 [fù] as 陜, which is also incorrect; that character is read 式染 [shǎn], the character for Shan Prefecture. The Shuowen writes it 陿, taking radical 阝 [fù], radical 匚 [fāng], and 夾 as phonetic).

6.154

Embryo and womb (胞胎: for the first character, the fanqie is 已交 [bāo/qiāo]. Ancient texts originally wrote 包, a pictographic character. The Stone Classics write it 胞, traditionally pronounced 普包 [pāo], which is incorrect. The Shuowen says: 'It refers to a woman conceiving a pregnancy, and the afterbirth (兒生衣) when a child is born. It takes radical 勹 [bāo] and radical 巳 [sì] inside 勹, depicting the child not yet fully formed into a character.' Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Shangshu says: 'It means to wrap around.' For the second character, the fanqie is 他來 [tāi]. The Shuowen says: 'A woman's pregnancy before giving birth. It takes radical 肉 [flesh] with 台 as phonetic').

6.155

Lacking the Dharma (匱法: for 匱, the fanqie is 遠位 [guì]. The Kaosheng says: 'Lacking, destitute.' Already explained in the previous sūtra, fascicle 391).

6.156

Oppressed ([(工*(几-(厂-一)+手))/心]迫: for the first character, the fanqie is 曲拱 [qǐng/kǒng]. The Erya says: 'Fear, dread.' The sūtra text writes 恐, a vulgar character. The standard form in the Shuowen takes 工, 手, ⺄, and 心, written as [(工*(几-(厂-一)+手))/心]. In modern clerical script, based on cursive forms, it was written 恐, and erroneously written 恐, gradually degenerating and losing its orthodox form. The ancient character was 𢖶. For the second character, the fanqie is 班陌 [pò]. The Cang Jie pian says: '迫 means to draw near.' The Guangya says: '迫 means narrow.' The Kaosheng says: '迫 means to press upon, to confine').

First 156 of 267 passages. Read on

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese