一切經音義 65

English (machine translation) 65

Language: English

65.1

Compiled by the scriptural translator, Śramaṇa Huilin

Sounds and meanings of:
- Sutra of the Bhikṣuṇī Mahāprajāpatī, two fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Sutra on the Gravity and Lightness of Retribution for Breaking the Precepts, one fascicle (none [to gloss])
- Sutra of Five Hundred Inquiries, one fascicle (by Huilin)
- Mātṛkā Vinaya, ten fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Vinaya-viniccaya, ten fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Samantapāsādikā, eighteen fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Abhidharma-sūtra, two fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Vinayamātṛkā-sūtra, eight fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Sarvāstivāda-vinaya-vibhāṣā, nine fascicles (by Xuanying)
- Vinaya-dvāviṃśati-prasannārtha-śāstra, one fascicle (by Xuanying)
The above ten texts in sixty-two fascicles share the sounds and meanings of this fascicle.

65.3

Sutra of the Bhikṣuṇī Mahāprajāpatī, Upper Fascicle

65.4

Compiled by Xuanying

65.5

精廬 (refined hut: [the lower character is pronounced] 力 + 居 [lǘ]. 廬 means a cottage or dwelling. "精廬" is a modern term used by literati, not an archaic classical expression; it refers to a vihāra [monastery]).

65.6

倓然 (serene: [the upper character is pronounced] 徒 + 闞 [dàn]. The Cang Jie pian says: "倓 means tranquil." The Shuowen says: "倓 means peaceful." The Guangya says: "倓 means quiet." Today, it is commonly written as 淡. 闞 is pronounced 苦 + 濫 [kàn]).

65.7

踱跣 (barefoot: also written as [踮-占+千], both pronounced 徒 + 各 [duó]; the lower character has two pronunciations, 西 + 典 [xiǎn] and 千 + 典 [qiǎn]. The Sancang says: "Treading on the ground with bare feet." Various books write it as 徒跣).

65.8

歔欷 (sobbing and sighing: [the upper character is pronounced] 喜 + 居 [xū]; the lower character is 虛 + 既 [xì]. The Zilin says: "The appearance of weeping and sniffling." The Cang Jie pian says: "The lingering sound of crying; also means sorrowful").

65.9

蒺䔧 (caltrop: [the upper character is pronounced] 茨 + 栗 [jí]; the lower character is 力 + 尸 [lí]. A plant whose vines creep across the ground. The Erya's entry '薋, 蒺䔧' refers to this).

65.10

漏溢 (leaking and overflowing: the archaic character is 决, pronounced the same as 弋 + 一 [yì]. The Zilin says: "溢 means to fill to overflowing").

65.11

咍笑 (laughing derisively: [the upper character is pronounced] 呼 + 來 [hāi]. The character book says: "To laugh derisively." The people of Chu refer to teasing and laughing together as 咍. The sutra text has 唉, pronounced 於 + 來 [āi], which is a responsive vocalization; 唉 does not have this meaning).

65.12

撿押 (collating and binding: [the upper character is pronounced] 居 + 斂 [jiǎn], meaning to wrap/gather together; wrapping is like binding with cord. The lower character is the archaic form of 押. The Erya says: "押 means to turn over," meaning to restrain and bind).

65.13

庶幾 (perhaps / hoping for: the Erya says: "庶 means fortunate." Guo Pu says: "庶幾 means lucky/fortunate." It also says: "庶幾 means hoping/wishing." 庶 means to hope; 幾 means subtle/rare).

65.14

蜎飛 (fluttering insects: [the upper character is pronounced] 一 + 全 [yuān]. The Zilin says: "The appearance of tiny insects." It is also written as 蠉, with the archaic form 翾, pronounced 呼 + 全 [xuān], meaning the appearance of flying).

65.15

蚑行 (crawling creatures: [the upper character is pronounced] 渠 + 支 [qí], and also pronounced 奇 [qí]. It refers to the manner in which insects crawl. The entry 'crawling creatures and panting beings' in the Zhoushu refers to this).

65.16

圭合 (grains and pecks: [the upper character is pronounced] 古 + 携 [guī]. The Hanshu says: "Quantities large or small do not deviate by a guī or a cuò; four guī make one cuò." Meng Kang says: "Sixty-four millet grains make one guī").

65.17

燔燒 (burning: [the upper character is pronounced] 扶 + 袁 [fán]. The Zilin says: "燔 also means to burn").

65.18

婬佚 (licentious and wanton: also written as 劮, both pronounced 與 + 一 [yì]. The Cang Jie pian says: "佚 means unrestrained; it also means pleasure").

65.19

洋銅 (molten copper: [the upper character is pronounced] 以 + 良 [yáng], meaning boiled until melted and dissolved, broad and flowing. The Sancang says: "洋 describes the appearance of vast waters." The Zilüe writes it as 煬, meaning to melt metal).

65.20

摸𢱢 (touching and caressing: [the upper character is pronounced] 亡 + 各 [mò]. The Fangyan says: "摸 means to pat/stroke," meaning to stroke soothingly. The lower character is 蘇 + 各 [sà]. The Picang says: "摸𢱢 means to touch and stroke." 搎 is pronounced 孫 [sūn]).

65.21

抵推 (shoving and pushing: [the upper character is pronounced] 都 + 禮 [dǐ]. The 'Xia Xiaozheng' in the Da Dai Liji says: "抵 is like 推 (to push)," meaning sitting while nudging and crowding against one another).

65.22

襜衣 (apron-like garment: [the upper character is pronounced] 昌 + 占 [chān]. The Erya says: "Clothing covering the front is called a 襜." Guo Pu says: "This is what is nowadays called an apron (bìxī)," referring to fluttering back and forth).

65.23

踞牀 (sitting cross-legged on a couch: [the upper character is pronounced] 記 + 怒 [jù]. The Zilin says: "踞 also means to squat; it also means to straddle." The Vinaya text writes it as 倨. 倨 means arrogant and disrespectful; 倨 does not have this meaning).

65.24

巫師 (shaman: [the upper character is pronounced] 武 + 俱 [wū]. Those who serve spirits and deities are called shamans (wū); a male is called a xì, pronounced 刑 + 擊 [xì]; a female is called a wū. The Shuowen says: "One who can serve the formless and bring down the deities").

65.25

變殞 (perishing through transformation: also written as 隕, both pronounced 為 + 愍 [yǔn]. The Shenglei says: "殞 means to perish; to fall").

65.26

媟黷 (familiar and disrespectful: [the upper character is pronounced] 相 + 列 [xiè]; the lower character has the archaic forms 䢱 and 嬻, currently written as 黷, both pronounced 徒 + 縠 [dú]. The Fangyan says: "媟 means intimate," referring to overly familiar closeness; "黷 means haughty; to harm," referring to slighting and harming one another).

65.27

犇走 (running swiftly: the archaic character is 𩦥, nowadays written as 奔, both pronounced 補 + 門 [bēn], meaning to run rapidly. The Shiming says: "奔 implies an emergency/change (biàn); when there is an urgent contingency, one rushes to it").

65.28

Lower Fascicle

65.29

修恂 (decorous and reverent: [the lower character is pronounced] 私 + 巡 [xún]. The Guangya says: "恂 means reverent." The Erya says: "恂 means faithful; it also means trembling with fear").

65.30

用啖 (to eat / to feed: also written as 啗 and 噉, both pronounced 達 + 敢 [dǎn] and 達 + 濫 [dàn]. The Guangya says: "啖 means to eat; 啖 also means to give [food to]").

65.31

妖冶 (seductive and glamorous: [the upper character is pronounced] 於 + 驕 [yāo]; the lower character is 以 + 者 [yě]. The Book of Changes says: "A glamorous appearance invites licentiousness." Liu Huan says: "冶 means alluring and glamorous." The sutra text has 蠱, which denotes venomous insects that harm others, and is not the meaning of the sutra).

65.32

愵態 (distressed demeanor: [pronounced] 穰 + 酌 [ruó]. The weak are delicate and fragile. The sutra text forms it with 'heart' (心) as 愵. The archaic characters are 懟 and 𧖷; it is now written as 愵, pronounced 奴 + 的 [nì]. 愵 means sorrowful).

65.33

𧤀戾 (obstinate and perverse: this character is not in dictionaries; it should be 䚠, pronounced 胡 + 本 [hěn]. This is likely an error for 很, pronounced 胡 + 墾 [hěn]. 很 means perverse and contrary. The Shuowen says: "Refusing to comply or obey." The character is analyzed from 'step' (彳) and 'good' (良) as the phonetic component).

65.34

滀在 (accumulated and stored: the Shiming writes it as 滀; various books write it as 蓄 and 稸, both pronounced 抽 + 六 [chù]. 蓄 means to halt. The Guangya says: "蓄 means to gather; to amass").

65.35

履䩙 (putting on underarm straps: also written as 韅, both pronounced 火 + 見 [xiàn], referring to what is attached under the arms. Taking the present meaning, it should be written as 鞙, pronounced 胡 + 犬 [xuàn]).

65.36

嫈瞑 (amorous glance: the Zilin gives the pronunciations 乙 + 莖 [yīng] and 莁 + 莖 [wǔ-yīng], meaning flirtatious intent; it also means squinting or looking subtly. The sutra text writes 𥌽𥇋, for which no source has yet been found).

65.37

鬀䑈 (shaving and scraping: [the upper character is] also written as 剃, both pronounced 他 + 計 [tì]. The Shuowen says: "鬀 means to shave clean." Removing all body hair is called 髴. In the text it is written as 梯, pronounced 他 + 第 [tì]; the Guangya says: "梯 means nasal mucus." The lower character is pronounced 力 + 酌 [luó]; the Guangya says: "䑈 means to trim and manage; it also means to seize forcefully." The text writes it as 䑈).

65.38

憙傅 (fond of applying powder: [the lower character is pronounced] 方 + 務 [fù]. 傅 means to adhere, referring to smearing and applying. The Hanshu's 'applying rouge and powder' refers to this).

65.39

珠璣 (pearls and irregular gems: [the lower character is pronounced] 居 + 衣 [jī]. The Shuowen says: "A pearl that is not round." The character books say: "One definition is a small pearl").

65.40

訕貴 (slandering the noble: [the upper character is pronounced] 所 + 姦 [shān]. The Analects says: "Hating those who dwell in the lower reaches and slander their superiors." Kong Anguo says: "訕 means to slander and revile." The Cang Jie pian says: "訕 means to find fault with").

65.41

鴆餌 (poisonous bait: nowadays written as 酖, both pronounced 除 + 禁 [zhèn]. A bird as large as an eagle, purple-green in colour, with a long neck and red beak, that eats snakes; steeping its feathers in wine kills anyone who drinks it. The lower character is 而 + 至 [èr]. The Cang Jie pian says: "餌 means food; anything eaten is called 餌").

65.42

煩苛 (troublesome and vexatious: [the lower character is pronounced] 賀 + 多 [kē]. The Guoyu says: "Vexing our borders." Jia Kui says: "苛 is like 擾 (to disturb)." The Guangya says: "苛 means anger").

65.43

禁圄 (prison: [the lower character is pronounced] 魚 + 呂 [yǔ]. The Shiming says: "圄 means to ward off (yù)," referring to confining and restraining someone).

65.44

剖形 (cleaving the body: [the upper character is pronounced] 普 + 後 [pǒu]. 剖 means to cut open. The Shuowen says: "剖 means to split apart and divide." The Guangya says: "剖 means to analyze/dissect").

65.45

According to the catalogue order, five fascicles of verses summarizing the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya should be glossed here;

65.46

along with the Verses Summarizing the Vinayavastu, one fascicle, and the Verses Summarizing the Nidāna and Muktaka, one fascicle;

65.47

these have already been incorporated into Fascicle 61 of this Sounds and Meanings because they belong to the Sarvāstivāda category.

65.48

Sutra on the Gravity and Lightness of Retribution for Breaking the Precepts, one fascicle (contains no words requiring phonetic glossing or explanation)

65.49

Sutra of Five Hundred Inquiries

65.50

Compiled by Śramaṇa Huilin

65.51

都籬 (fence/hedge: [the lower character is pronounced] 里 + 知 [lí]. The Kaosheng says: "籬 means an enclosure or fence; palisades and hedges made by erecting bamboo or timber." Analyzed from 'bamboo' (竹) and 離 as phonetic. The sutra writes it with 'wood' (木) as 㰚, which is the name of a mountain pear tree).

65.52

籬裏 (inside the hedge: the lower character is pronounced 里 [lǐ]. The Wenzidian shuo says: "What is on the outside is called biǎo (exterior); what is on the inside is called lǐ (interior). Above and below it follows 'clothing' (衣), with 'village' (里) in the middle; 里 is also phonetic." The Shuowen says: "The lining of a garment").

65.53

欲償 (wishing to repay: [the lower character is pronounced] 尚 + 羊 [cháng]. The Guangya says: "To restore to the old condition." The Shuowen says: "To return." Analyzed from 'person' (人) and 賞 as phonetic).

65.54

蛇螫 (snake sting: the upper character is pronounced 虵, which is the correct form; the sutra writes it with 也 as 虵, which is a vulgar variant. The lower character is pronounced 聲 + 隻 [shì]. The Shuowen says: "The sting or bite of a poisonous insect; insects inflicting venom." Analyzed from 'insect' (䖝) and 赦 as phonetic. The sutra writes it with 赤 as 𧋒, which does not form a proper character and is incorrect).

65.55

經唄 (scriptural chanting: [the lower character is pronounced] 排 + 賣 [bài]. The Picang says: "The sound of Sanskrit chanting." The Kaosheng says: "The sound of Sanskrit chanting during monastic rituals of monks and nuns").

65.56

凭几 (leaning on an armrest: [the upper character is pronounced] 憑 + 證 [píng]. The Zhoushu mentions 'leaning on a jade armrest.' The Shuowen says: "To rely upon an armrest. Analyzed from 任 and 几." Some write it with 馮 as 憑, which is a vulgar form. The sutra writes 備, which is incorrect. The lower character is pronounced 紀 [jǐ]. The Liji records five types of armrests: jade-carved, red-lacquered, black-lacquered, plain armrests, and so on. The Shuowen says: "几 is a pictographic character." The sutra writes it with 'wood' (木) as 机, which is a vulgar form).

65.57

有𢛡 (having a rain cap: [the lower character is pronounced] 毛 + 報 [mào]. The character book says: "A head covering worn when walking in the rain." The Shuowen writes [曰/月], meaning headgear for barbarian children; it is a pictographic character. The sutra writing it with 'clothing' (衣) is incorrect).

65.58

未制 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 止 + 例 [zhì]. The text of the sūtra erroneously writes 剬 with the component 耑, which is incorrect.)

65.59

僥倖 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 經 + 遙 [jiáo], and the lower has the sound of 幸 [xìng]. According to examination, "僥倖" [good fortune / luck] refers to that which exceeds one's due measure and is obtained by chance encounter, hence it is called 僥倖. The Kaosheng says: "Seeking what is beyond one's due measure is called 僥倖." Both characters take the person radical [亻] and are phono-semantic characters.)

65.60

楗椎 (The upper character has the sound of 𠃵 [jiàn], and the lower is pronounced with the fanqie 直 + 追 [zhuí]. Both characters take the tree radical [木] and are phono-semantic characters. A 楗椎 is a wooden clapper beaten to warn the assembly and strike for silence. The sūtra text writes 槌 with 追, which is a vulgar character.)

65.61

掘坑 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 群 + 律 [jú]. The Kaosheng says it means to bore through or to dig out; it takes the hand radical [扌] and has 屈 as its phonetic component. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 客 + 耕 [kēng]. The Cangjie pian says: "坑 means a pit or depression." The Erya says: "It means a ruin or mound." Guo Pu says: "It is a moat or pond." The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the earth radical [土] and has 亢 as its phonetic component; 亢 has the sound of 剛 [gāng]; it is sometimes written as 阬 with the hill radical [阜].)

65.62

擯出 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 必 + 刃 [bìn]. The Erya says: "擯 means to discard." The Shiji says: "They mutually pushed out and rejected [排擯] each other." The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the hand radical [扌] and has 賓 as its phonetic component; it is sometimes written as 儐 with the person radical [亻]. The character 賓 takes [宀]; it is pronounced with the fanqie 綿 + 典 [miǎn]; writing it with 尸 as 賓 is a vulgar form.)

65.63

遃請 (The upper character has the sound of 彥 [yàn]. The Cangjie pian states that [這-言+(彥-文+(立-一))] means to welcome. The Guangya says: "It means to go." The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the movement radical [辵] and has 彥 as its phonetic component; writing it with the speech radical [言] as 這 is also acceptable.)

65.64

有貰 (Pronounced with the fanqie 尸 + 曳 [shì]. Gu Yewang says: "貰 is like buying on credit [賖]." The Shuowen says: "It means to lend/borrow [𢑚]." It takes the cowrie radical [貝] and has 世 as its phonetic component. In the ancient script, it was written as 賁.)

65.65

一摶 (Pronounced with the fanqie 叚 + 欒 [tuán]. The Shuowen says: "摶 means to make round." It takes the hand radical [扌] and has 專 as its phonetic component. The sūtra text writes 揣 with 耑, which is incorrect.)

65.66

嫌代去 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 叶 + 兼 [xián]. The Wenzi jilüe says: "嫌 means malice in the mind." The Shuowen says: "嫌 means suspicion." It takes the woman radical [女] and is a phono-semantic character.)

65.67

㩻鉢 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 綺 + 奇 [qī]. The Shuowen says: "𢼨 means crooked or not upright." It takes 危 and has 支 as its phonetic component; it is sometimes written as 崎 with the mountain radical [山]; 崎 means dangerous. The sūtra text writes 𫫀 with the mouth radical [口], which is incorrect. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 般 + 末 [bō].)

65.68

刮取 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 關 + 八 [guā]. The Kaosheng says: "To scrape across with a blade is called 刮." The Shuowen says it takes the knife radical [刂] and has an abbreviated 适 as its phonetic component. 掠 is pronounced like 略 [lüè].)

65.69

啗餅 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 談 + 敢 [dàn]; it is also written as 啖. The Guangya says: "噉 means to swallow." The Shuowen says: "It means to eat." It takes the mouth radical [口] and has 臽 as its phonetic component. The sūtra text writes 噉 with 敢, which is a vulgar character.)

65.70

炊作 (Pronounced with the fanqie 出 + 隹 [chuī]. The Yunquan says: "炊 means to steam." The Shuowen says: "It means to prepare food at a hearth." It takes the fire radical [火] and has an abbreviated 吹 as its phonetic component.)

65.71

贖不 (Pronounced with the fanqie 神 + 辱 [shú]. The Kaosheng says: "To pay value with wealth is called 贖." The Yunquan says: "To recover and redeem." The Shuowen says: "贖 means to buy out." It takes the cowrie radical [貝] and 𧷓; 𧷓 has the sound of 育 [yù]. Today's popular usage writes it with 賣, which is an error. 𧷓 takes 冏, 貝, and 宍; 宍 has the sound of 陸 [lù], and is the ancient character for 陸.)

65.72

棖食 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 宅 + 耕 [zhěng]. The Yunquan says: "棖 means to touch or collide." It takes the hand radical [扌] and has 長 as its phonetic component. The sūtra text writes 棠 with the tree radical [木] and 尚, with the sound of 唐 [táng]; 棠 is the name of the russet pear tree, which is not the meaning intended by the sūtra.)

65.73

擗匈 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 毗 + 亦 [pì]. The Kaosheng also says: "To beat one's chest." It takes the hand radical [扌] and has 辟 as its phonetic component. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 勗 + 恭 [xiōng]. The Shuowen says: "匈 means the chest cavity." It takes an abbreviated 包 and has 龱 as its phonetic component. The sūtra text writes 胸 with [冉-工+又], which is incorrect.)

65.74

吹潠 (Pronounced with the fanqie 孫 + 寸 [xùn]. The Picang says: "潠 means to spurt out [噴]." Gu Yewang says: "To hold water in the mouth and spurt it out." It takes the water radical [氵] and has 巽 as its phonetic component. The sūtra writes 𠹀 with 孫. 噴 is pronounced with both fanqies 普 + 門 [pēn] and 普 + 悶 [pèn].)

65.75

推排 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 他 + 雷 [tuī]. The Shuowen says: "推 also means to push [排]." It takes the hand radical [扌] and has 隹 as its phonetic component. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 白 + 埋 [pái]. The Wenzi dianshuo says: "排 also means to push [推]." It takes the hand radical [扌] and has 非 as its phonetic component.)

65.76

販[出/(同-(一/口)+(人*人))/貝] (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 發 + 萬 [fàn]. The Kaosheng says: "販 means buying and selling to seek profit." The Shuowen says: "To buy cheap and sell dear." It takes the cowrie radical [貝] and has 反 as its phonetic component. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 麥 + 拜 [mài]. The Kaosheng says: "It means to sell or peddle." The Shuowen says: "To put forth goods." It takes 出 and has 買 as its phonetic component.)

65.77

鞾鞋 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie [酉*(囗@ㄨ)] + 禾 [xuē]. It is barbarian clothing. The Guangya calls it jiasha [甲沙], or calls it qiaokua [𩌈䩲]; these are varying dialect terms of the barbarians. The Jixun writes it as 鞾. The Zilin writes it as 靴 with 化; these are both vulgar forms. The Kaosheng properly writes it as [尸@秝], taking an abbreviated 履 with 禾 as its phonetic component. The Shuowen lacks this character. Various character dictionaries do not have this rhyming binome. The Yunquan says: "It is footwear with a neck; it also belongs to the category of high boots [𨌆履]." It was originally the apparel of foreign barbarians. From the Jin and Wei dynasties onward, the Central Plains came to value it, and today it is used as official attire.)

65.78

僧友 (Pronounced with the fanqie 盤 + 沫 [pān]. It is Sanskrit. In semantic translation, it is "equal and universal" [samapāna?], or "universal eating." It has no standard translation, but by oral tradition it is what is nowadays called the universal offering [denggong].)

65.79

𠴵犯 (None of the character dictionaries contain this character. According to the meaning in the sūtra, it is the character zhou [呪, curse/mantra], that is, the curse in "cursing and imprecating" [呪咀].)

65.80

跳躑 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 提 + 彫 [tiáo]. The Cangjie pian says: "跳 means to jump." The Guangya says: "It means to ascend." The Shuowen says: "To spring up; to leap." It takes the foot radical [足] and has 兆 as its phonetic component. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 程 + 炙 [zhí], which is a vulgar character. The Shuowen writes 蹢 with 啇, meaning to halt one's feet. Gu Yewang says: "To lift one's foot repeatedly without advancing." It takes the foot radical [足] and is a phono-semantic character.)

65.81

麁㲲 (The lower character has the sound of 牒 [dié]. It is cloth made from grass or cotton flowers in Western countries. It is also written as 緤, and also as 𱥦, which is an ancient form.)

65.82

購贖 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 鈎 + 候 [gòu]. The Guangya says: "購 means to compensate." The Shuowen says: "To redeem an item with wealth." It is a phono-semantic character. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 常 + 燭 [shú]. The Shangshu says: "Gold was made the punishment of redemption." Wang Su's commentary says: "Redeeming a crime with gold." The Shuowen says it takes the cowrie radical [貝] and has 𧷓 as its phonetic component; 𧷓 has the sound of 育 [yù], and consists of 冏 and [山/六]; [山/六] is the ancient character for 陸. Today writing it with 賣 is an error, but it is truly difficult to correct.)

65.83

綜習 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 宗 + 送 [zòng]. The Lienü zhuan says: "Weaving can serve as a metaphor for governance: pushing forward and pulling back is called zong." The Shuowen says: "The loom threads that hold and cross the silk strands." It takes the silk radical [糸] and has 宗 as its phonetic component. The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 尋 + 入 [xí]. Gu Yewang says: "習 refers to accumulating practice to accomplish it." The Shangshu says: "Habit [習] becomes nature." The Shuowen says it takes 羽 and 白. The sūtra writes 謵 with the speech radical [言], which is incorrect; 謵 has the sound of 獵 [liè], and is completely contrary to the sūtra's meaning.)

65.84

銅銚 (The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 調 + 曜 [diào]. A copper 銑/銚 is a shallow pan [鎗]. The sūtra text writes 鐃 with 堯, pronounced with the fanqie 撓 + 交 [náo], which is the name of a musical instrument; not only is the character wrong, its meaning is also very divergent. Transcribers, please correct it.)

65.85

黤黮 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 烏 + 敢 [ǎn]; the lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 談 + 感 [dǎn]. The Shenglei says: "黤黮 is the appearance of deep darkness, not clear or pure." The Shuowen says: "A black color like mulberries." Both characters 黤 and 黮 take the black radical [黑] and are phono-semantic characters.)

65.86

奉法 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 逢 + 捧 [fěng], a rising tone character. The Shuowen says: "奉 means to receive or support." It takes 𡵄, which has the sound of 峰 [fēng], and takes 𢌬, which has the sound of 拱 [gǒng], and takes the hand radical [手]. In modern clerical script, it is written abbreviatingly as 奉 for recording. The sūtra text writes 王法, which makes no sense at all and is a transcription error.)

65.87

According to the catalogue order, there is the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya-saṃgraha in fourteen fascicles, which has already been included in fascicle 61 of this Sounds and Meanings, because it belongs to the Sarvāstivāda class.)

65.88

Mātṛkā-vinaya, Fascicle One

65.89

Compiled by the Śramaṇa Xuanying

65.90

摩得勒伽 (Also pronounced modiliye [摩低黎迦] or modaliye [摩怛履迦]; translated here as "mother" [mātṛkā], because it gives birth to wisdom.)

65.91

為𢫈 (Also written as 檐, pronounced with the fanqie 餘 + 占 [yán]; meaning like the eaves of a roof screening the halls and rooms; still not fully clear.)

65.92

Fascicle Two (No characters glossed for sound or meaning)

65.93

Fascicle Three

65.94

子驩 (The Sancang says: This is the ancient character for 歡 [huān], pronounced with the fanqie 呼 + 官 [huān]. The Shuowen says: "The name of a horse.")

65.95

Fascicles Four and Five through Ten (None have characters glossed for sound or meaning)

65.96

Vinaya-sūtra, Fascicle One

65.97

Compiled by the Śramaṇa Xuanying

65.98

兼該 (Pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 來 [gāi]. 該 means complete. The Fangyan says: "該 means all.")

65.99

謏然 (Pronounced with the fanqie 蘇 + 了 [xiǎo]. 謏 means small. The Shuowen says: "Small; to entice.")

65.100

緘縢 (Pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 咸 [jiān]; the lower character with 達 + 曾 [téng]. The Shuowen says: "緘 means binding a chest." The Guangya says: "緘 means a cord; 縢 means a rope; it also means to seal shut.")

65.101

諄諄 (In ancient script the same as 訰, pronounced with the fanqie 之 + 純 [zhūn] and 之 + 閏 [zhùn]. The Shuowen says: "Explaining thoroughly." According to examination, 諄諄 is an earnest and sincere manner. The Shijing says: "Teaching and showing with earnestness [諄諄]," which is this.)

65.102

鈐波 (Pronounced with the fanqies 胡 + 耽 [hán] and 渠 + 廉 [qián].)

65.103

獖者 (Pronounced with the fanqie 扶 + 云 [fén]. The Shuowen says: "A castrated pig," meaning a gelded boar. Also castrated sheep [羠] and horses; 羠 is pronounced like 似 [sì].)

65.104

雞𱈽 (Pronounced with the fanqie 娥 + 各 [è]. A kind of osprey or bird of prey; it resembles an eagle with black markings, a white head, red feet, a beak like tiger claws, and a voice like a morning swan.)

65.105

捭挑 (Pronounced with the fanqie 臂 + 彌 [bì]. 椑千 is the name of a fruit; in the Shanglin Park there were many black persimmons [烏捭], which is this.)

65.106

猳玃 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 遐 [jiā]; the lower with 居 + 縛 [jué]. The Shuowen says: "A large female ape." It resembles a macaque but is larger, dark grey-black in color, skilled at seizing people, and fond of looking back.)

65.107

Fascicle Two

65.108

轝出 (Pronounced with the fanqie 與 + 居 [yú]. The Cangjie pian says: "It means to lift; carrying together is called 轝.")

65.109

如𥑐 (Pronounced with the fanqie 於 + 甲 [yà]. Imposing from above onto below.)

65.110

幡倢 (Pronounced with the fanqies 且 + 獵 [qiè] and 字 + 獵 [zì/jié]. It refers to the rapid back-and-forth chatter of the mouth and tongue. The Shijing says: "Deceptive and chattering [倢倢幡幡], seeking to slander." The Commentary says: "倢倢 is like gossiping, and 幡幡 is like fluttering.")

65.111

系頭 (Pronounced with the fanqie 戶 + 帝 [xì]. The name of the fifth monk under Devadatta.)

65.112

Fascicle Three

65.113

令碩 (Pronounced with the fanqie 市 + 亦 [shí]. The Fangyan says: "Between Qi and Song, 'great' is called 碩; it also means fine.")

65.114

鑰牡 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 餘 + 酌 [yuè]; the lower with 莫 + 後 [mǔ]. It refers to what emerges from a lock, the bolt driven down into the lock. According to examination, the lock and bolt are used to seal, bar, and shut so that it cannot be opened.)

65.115

𮓸毒 (Ancient script forms include 䖝 and 螝, pronounced with the fanqie 呼 + 鬼 [huǐ]. A venomous viper/insect. The Hanfeizi says: "Among insects there is the viper [虺], which has one body and two mouths; contending for food, they bite each other and end up killing each other.")

65.116

Fascicle Four

65.117

牝牡 (The upper character is pronounced with the fanqie 脾 + 忍 [pìn]. The Shuowen says: "A female beast; female." The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie 莫 + 苟 [mǔ]. The Shuowen says: "A male beast; male. Flying creatures are called xiong and ci [雄雌]; walking beasts are called pin and mu [牝牡]; this is one meaning.")

65.118

Threshold (fan yu 凡閾; ancient character 𨵨 is identical; pronounced [hu + yu] /xù/: The Erya says: 'The zhi (秩) is called a threshold (yu 閾).' Guo Pu says: 'The door sill. Zhi is pronounced [tian + jie] /dié/).'

65.119

Lintel (fan mei 凡楣; pronounced [mi + ji] /méi/: The Erya says: 'The lintel (mei 楣) is called the beam (liang 梁).' Guo Pu says: 'The crossbeam above a door.' The Guangya says: 'The mei is the eaves-beam (luo 梠).'

65.120

Four boundary routes (si jiao 四徼; pronounced [gu + yao] /jiào/: The lanes of the four gates; that is, the so-called 'four boundary routes within the domain').

65.121

Granary basket completion (shancheng 篅成; pronounced [shi + yuan] /chuán/: The Shuowen says: 'Split bamboo curved to make a round grain bin (tuan [竺-二+(乇-一+凵)]) is a shan (篅).' Tuan is pronounced [tu + sun] /tuǎn/).

65.122

Fascicle 5

65.123

Talking in sleep (yiyu 囈語; pronounced [yu + shi] /yì/: Speaking deliriously without realizing it while asleep. Liezi says: 'Groaning, talking in sleep, moaning, and calling out during slumber'—this is it. Groaning (𰍍) is pronounced [wu + he] /è/).

65.124

Pardoning and forgiving (sheyou 赦宥; [she 赦 is] pronounced [shu + ye] /shè/: The Shuowen says: 'To pardon (she 赦) means to let go.' The Rites of Zhou speaks of three pardons: first, pardoning the young and weak; second, pardoning the old and decrepit; third, pardoning the foolish and dimwitted. The second [character you 宥 is] pronounced [yu + jiu] /yòu/: You means to be lenient; you also means to pardon. The Rites of Zhou speaks of three remissions: first, remitting ignorance; second, remitting mistakes; third, remitting forgetfulness).

65.125

Zhu-zither and flute (zhudi 筑笛; pronounced [zhi + liu] /zhù/: The zhu is shaped like a zheng; its neck is notched and grasped by the hand, and because its neck is struck (zhu 築), it is called a zhu. The character is written with gong (巩), meaning grasped in hand; gong is pronounced gong (拱), folding the hands together forms the character gong).

65.126

Fetters and handcuffs (zhigu 桎梏; pronounced [zhi + yue] /zhì/, the second character [gu 梏 is] pronounced [gu + mu] /gù/: What is put on the hands is called zhi; what is on the feet is called gu. The Cangjiepian says: 'Placed on one side is called zhi; placed on both [or all] is called gu').

65.127

Mouth shut tight (jinqie 噤切; pronounced [qu + yin] /jìn/: Closing the mouth is jin (噤); jin means not opening).

65.128

Tucking the tail (ganwei 赶尾; pronounced [ju + yan] /jiǎn/: The Tongsu wen says: 'Running with the tail raised is called gan.' The Vinaya text writes 揵, which is not the standard form).

65.129

Carrying under the arm (gongxie 肱挾; also written 厷, identical; pronounced [gu + hong] /gōng/; the second character [xie 挾 is] pronounced [hu + jia] /xié/: The Guangya says: 'The arm is called gong.' The Erya says: 'Xie means to conceal.' The Shuowen says: 'Xie means to hold under the arm').

65.130

Boiling a wild goose (pengyan 烹鴈; pronounced [pu + geng] /pēng/: Peng means to boil. The Fangyan says: 'Peng means to cook thoroughly.' In general, cooking in a caldron (huo 鑊) is called peng; cooking in a tripod cauldron (ding 鼎) is called sheng).

65.131

Striking the beat (qiaojie 敲節; also written 敲, identical; pronounced [kou + jiao] /qiāo/: The Shuowen says: 'Qiao means to strike laterally'; that is, striking downwards).

65.132

Hurling and flinging (zhipao 擲拋; also written [摙-車+商], identical; pronounced [wen + yi] /yì/: Zhi means to throw, to toss. The second [character pao 拋 is] pronounced [pu + jiao] /pāo/: The Zilin says: 'Pao means to strike.' The Tongsu wen says: 'Striking with a staff or stake is called pao.' Pao-da (striking) is also a colloquial expression. Today there is the trebuchet (pao-che 拋車), which is also given this pronunciation [pu + xiao] /pào/. The Vinaya text writes 笣, which is incorrect; pronounced [gu + qia] /jiā/, meaning to press between the knees).

65.133

Fascicle 6

65.134

Insects and wood-borers (chongdu 蟲蠹; pronounced [ding + gu] /dù/: The Zilin says: 'Insects inside wood.' Those that bore through and eat human utensils, such as silverfish and the like, are all of this kind).

65.135

Bowcase (gongjian 弓鞬; also written in the two forms 韉 and 靬, identical; pronounced [ju + yan] /jiān/ and [kou + qie] /qiè/: The Guangya says: 'A receptacle for a bow.' The case for a bow is called a jian. The Shiming says: 'Jian means to erect (jian 建); bows and arrows are both placed upright inside it').

65.136

Stūpa (tabo 塔婆; sometimes called toupo 偷婆 or soudoupo 藪斗波, which are all corruptions; the correct term is sūdǔpō [窣覩波; stūpa], which is translated here as 'shrine').

65.137

Fascicle 7

65.138

Heat rash and hives (feilei 痱癗; also written [序-予+肥], identical; pronounced [pu + zui] /fèi/; the second character [lei 癗 is] pronounced [li + zui] /lěi/: Note that feilei refers to small swellings).

65.139

Disturbing and tossing (naorao 撓擾; The Zilin gives the fanqie [huo + dao] /nào/: Nao means to agitate. The second [character rao 擾 is] pronounced [ru + shao] /rǎo/: The Guangya says: 'Rao means to disorder.' The Shuowen says: 'Rao means to vex').

65.140

Agitating and stirring (jidong 激動; pronounced [gu + li] /jī/: A swift-running stream is called ji; ji means to burst forth, and also to move emotionally).

65.141

Like nightmare (ruyan 如厭; pronounced [yi + yan] /yàn/: The Ziyuan says: 'An inauspicious event during sleep.' The Cangjiepian says: 'Subduing and pressing upon a person's heart/mind is called yan.' The Shuowen says: 'Yan means to match or press down.' The character is derived from the cliff radical (厂) with yan (猒) as the phonetic; cliff (厂) is pronounced han).

65.142

Fascicle 8

65.143

Vast and open (genran 亘然; pronounced [gu + deng] /gèn/: It means level and open (tanran 坦然); gen also means pervasive, or extending all the way through).

65.144

Chuoluo (嘬羅; pronounced [chu + kuai] /chuài/: In Sanskrit, ābhāsvara [阿婆嘬羅], the heavenly beings who consume terrestrial essence).

65.145

Standing on tiptoe and gazing (qiwang 企望; ancient characters 趼 and 𧿍 are identical; pronounced [xu + chi] /qǐ/: Raising the heels is called qi).

65.146

Still water (nanshui 淰水; south of the Yangzi, water that does not flow is called nan, pronounced [nai + dian] /niǎn/; in Guanzhong it is pronounced [nai + zhan] /nǎn/. The Shuowen says: 'Nan means turbid.' The Picang says: 'Nan refers to waveless water.' The Vinaya text writes dan 澹, which is incorrect).

65.147

Grabbing and destroying (cuomie 捽滅; pronounced [cun + mo] /zuó/: The Shuowen says: 'To hold by the hair.' Cuo also means to strike).

65.148

Fascicle 9

65.149

Cupping water with hands (poushui 掊水; pronounced [pu + jiao] /póu/: The Tongsu wen says: 'Grasping with the hand is called pou.' The Shuowen says: 'Pou means to take by hand').

65.150

Xiezhi (劦掣; pronounced [li + ji] /lì/: A monk's name, Xiezhizi [Son of Xiezhi]).

65.151

Chieftain (kuishou 魁首; pronounced [ku + hui] /kuí/: Kui means a master, and also a head. The Guangya says: 'Kui means a leader').

65.152

Dujie (荼揭; the venerable Dujiedu [荼揭妒]; pronounced [qu + ye] /jié/: A personal name).

65.153

Serpents and scorpions (shechai 虵蠆; pronounced [chi + jie] /chài/: The Zilin says: 'Both are venomous crawling creatures.' In the region west of the Pass, scorpions are called chai. The character scorpion (𱿴) is pronounced [ta + da] or [li + he] /xiē/).

65.154

Fascicle 10

65.155

Mocking and teasing (chinong 蚩弄; ancient character 𦏿 is identical; pronounced [chi + zhi] /chī/: The Guangya says: 'Chi means to slight, referring to slighting laughter').

65.156

Pleating robes (zhezhe 𥿳襵; pronounced [zhi + lie] /zhé/ and [zhi + she] /shè/: The Guangya says: 'Zhe means to bend or fold [fabric]').

65.157

Gulping food (xifan 噏飯; also written 吸, identical; pronounced [xi + ji] /xī/: The Guangya says: 'Xi means to drink.' Xi is like drawing in).

65.158

Exposing the head after execution (jinxiao 盡梟; pronounced [ji + yao] /xiāo/: The Shuowen says: 'An inverted head.' Palace Attendant Jia says: 'Severing a head and hanging it inverted is what the character xiao means; that is, hanging the head from a pole over water to manifest their guilt.' The Guangya says: 'Xiao means dismemberment.' It is sometimes written 梟; the two forms are interchangeable).

65.159

Nidie (暱夜; in Sanskrit nidyāne [暱夜泥], which translates here as driving stakes to demarcate land).

65.160

Water sluice (shuidou 水竇; pronounced [tu + dou] /dòu/: The passage along which water is conducted. The Shuowen says: 'Dou means an empty space, an aperture or hole').

65.161

Pigeon peas (bidou 豍豆; pronounced [bu + mi] /bī/: The Guangya says: 'Bidou is the bean chou [䝀]').

65.162

Holding a halberd (chiji 持戟; pronounced [ju + ni] /jǐ/: The Guangya says: 'The reclining halberd (yanji 偃戟) is a male halberd.' The Fangyan says: 'The staff with three blades is called yanji in the Wan region of southern Chu').

65.163

Snatching food with hands (huofan 擭飯; pronounced [yu + guo] /huò/: The Guangya says: 'Huo means to seize, referring to seizing with the hand.' The Vinaya text writes guo 摑, which is incorrect).

65.164

Chewing and tasting (boza [口*(十/田/寸)]㗱; also written 𪙍, identical; pronounced [bu + luo] /bó/ and [zi + li] /jí/: The Shuowen says: 'The appearance of chewing; tasting flavors').

65.165

Samantapāsādikā (Vinaya Commentary), Fascicle 1

65.166

Compiled by the Śramaṇa Xuanying

65.167

Deer Park (Luye 鹿野; located in the country of Vārāṇasī. Long ago, the Tathāgata and Devadatta were both deer kings, each leading over five hundred deer in this forest. At that time the king went hunting and wished to kill them all. Among them was a doe pregnant with a fawn about to give birth. The Bodhisattva Deer King offered himself in her stead. Moved by his benevolence, the king spared all their lives, and bestowed this forest upon the deer. The designation 'Deer Park' arose from this).

65.168

Monastery (dasi 大寺; in Sanskrit vihāra [鼻詩羅], which translates here as 'roaming'—the place where monks walk and dwell. From of old it was substituted with the word 'si' (寺). A si is an official bureau, a public residence having laws and regulations. The Shiming says: 'Si means to succeed (si 嗣); administrators succeed one another within it.' The character is derived from cun (寸) with zhi (㞢) as phonetic; 㞢 is an ancient form of zhi (之)).

65.169

Clothes rack (yihang 衣桁; sometimes written 荇; pronounced [hu + lang] /hàng/: A frame upon which clothes can be draped. The Erya says: 'A pole is called an yi (椸)'—this is it. Yi is pronounced [yi] /yí/).

65.170

Fen’na (坋那; pronounced [fu + yun] /fèn/: The name of an Abhidharma collection. According to the character's definition in the Guangya: 'Fen (坋) means to divide (fen 分)').

65.171

Plowshare and fodder-chopper (hua fu 𨦚鈇; [hua 𨦚 is] pronounced [hu + gua] /huá/; this is the ancient character for hua (華), also written 鏵. The second character [fu 鈇 is] pronounced [fu + gan] /fū/: A blade for chopping fodder, or a broadax; an axe block).

65.172

Wandering about (pangyang 彷徉; pronounced [po + yang] /páng/, the second character pronounced [yu + zhang] /yáng/: The Guangya says: 'Pangyang means to pace back and forth.' Note that pangyang means strolling or loitering).

65.173

A soybean (yishu 一尗; also written in the two forms 叔 and [?*十], identical; pronounced [shi + liu] /shū/: The Guangya says: 'Large beans are called shu (尗); small beans are called da (荅)').

65.174

Portable bag (qiantidi 遷提; pronounced [qian + xian] /qiān/: It means something that can be moved about and carried in hand. It is also written quanti (荃提), meaning made of quan reeds. It is not an item of this land, but comes from Kunlun. In the Vinaya text it is sometimes written xianti (先提)).

65.175

Binding and packaging (jieli 絜裏; ancient character written [宋-木+(((素-糸)*刃)/廾)], identical; pronounced [gu + xie] /jié/: Jie means to bundle, to tie. The Zilin says: 'One bundle').

65.176

Preceptor (heshang 和上; in sūtras sometimes written hezhe 和闍, which are all corruptions. It should properly be upādhyāya [鄔波弟邢], which translates here as 'reciting near', because when a disciple is young he does not leave his teacher, constantly following him closely to receive the scriptures and chant them. It is also called wubatuoye [鄔波拕邪; upādhyāya], translated here as 'personal instructor'. Older translations say: 'Knowing offenses and knowing non-offenses is called a heshang').

65.177

Ācārya (ajieli 阿闍梨; in sūtras sometimes written aqili 阿祇利, which are all corruptions from Khotan and other countries. It should properly be ācārya [阿遮利夜], translated as 'correct conduct'; also called ācārya [阿遮利邪], translated here as 'model of conduct'. The old [translation] says: 'One who instructs and brings about knowledge in wholesome dharmas is called an ācārya').

65.178

哂陁 [xīnduó] (fanqie: 或 [huò] / 忍 [rěn]; Mahinda was a son of King Aśoka).

65.179

Fascicle Two

65.180

布薩 [uposatha] (This is an erroneous abbreviation; it should properly be pratideśayāmi, which means here 'I confess face-to-face', referring to confessing offenses mutually to one another. The old translation 'dwelling in purity' is a translation according to meaning).

65.181

鷓鴣 [zhègū, partridge] (fanqie for the first character: 之 [zhī] / 夜 [yè]; for the second character: 古 [gǔ] / 胡 [hú]. The Picang says: 'A bird resembling the fú bird, but larger.' The Zizhi says: 'The partridge's cry is its own name; it flies south and never north, and its shape resembles this pheasant').

65.182

企摩 [Qǐmó] (fanqie: 輕 [qīng] / 以 [yǐ]. A person's name. According to the character's analysis, 企 means to stand up; it is composed of [the radicals] 人 'person' and 止 'halt'. In the sūtra text it is written with 山 'mountain' as 仚, which is an ancient graph for 危 [high/precarious], depicting the appearance of a person on top of a mountain).

65.183

迦螺 [Jiāluó] (fanqie: 勒 [lè] / 和 [hé]. A person's name. In the Vinaya text it is written as 蝝, fanqie: 悅 [yuè] / 專 [zhuān]. The Erya says: 'The 蝝 is the fùquán insect.' 蝝 is not used in that sense here).

65.184

Fascicle Three

65.185

唱薩 [chàngsà, chanting sādhu] (This wording is corrupt; properly it should be sādhu, translated here as 'excellent' [善哉]).

65.186

整畟 [zhěngcè, square and orderly] (fanqie: 楚 [chǔ] / 力 [lì]; 畟 means perfectly square).

65.187

Fascicle Four

65.188

揀木 [jiǎnmù, soapberry tree] (fanqie: 力 [lì] / 見 [jiàn]. The fruit of the soapberry tree is like fingers, white and sticky; it can be used for washing clothes).

65.189

一蛤 [yī gé, one clam] (fanqie: 古 [gǔ] / 合 [hé]. The Zilin says: 'Transformed from swallows and sparrows; in Qin called oysters').

65.190

鑱剌 [chánlà, to prick/pierce with an awl] (fanqie: 仕 [shì] / 衫 [shān]. The Guangya says: '鑱 means a lance; it means piercing with a needle.' The Shuowen says: '鑱 means sharp').

65.191

誌名 [zhìmíng, to record a name] (The Zigu states: 'Now written as 識; 誌 means to record').

65.192

Fascicle Five

65.193

𭪿破 [zǔipò, beak-broken] (Now written as 𠲿, identical; fanqie: 子 [zǐ] / 累 [lěi]. The Guangya says: '𭪿 means mouth.' The Zishu says: 'A bird's beak.' In the Vinaya text it is written as 𭉨, fanqie: 徐 [xú] / 䎡 [ruǎn]; 𭉨 does not have this meaning).

65.194

一𢹍 [yī xī, one ladle] (fanqie: 虛 [xū] / 奇 [qí]. The Fangyan says: 'Between Chen, Chu, Song, and Wei, a 𧋠 [ladle] is called a 𢹍.' Guo Pu says: 'A 𢹍 or 𧋠 is a gourd ladle; today in Jiangdong a ladle is called a xì.' The Vinaya text writes it as 桸 as a phonetic loan; the correct pronunciation of 稀 is fanqie: 虛 [xū] / 衣 [yī]; 桸 is the name of a tree whose sap is edible, but 桸 does not have this meaning here).

65.195

歠糜 [chuòmí, to sip congee] (In ancient script written as 吷, identical; fanqie: 昌 [chāng] / 悅 [yuè]. The Shuowen says: '歠 means to drink; 歠 means to suck up.' 飲 is pronounced with fanqie: 呼 [hū] / 荅 [dá]. In the Vinaya text it is written as 啜, fanqie: 時 [shí] / 悅 [yuè]; 啜 means to ingest, to taste; 啜 is not the intended meaning here).

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese