一切經音義 81

English (machine translation) 81

Language: English

Sounds for the Ji Shenzhou sanbao gantong zhuan (Collected Accounts of the Resonance of the Three Jewels in the Divine Land), 4 fascicles (in the old catalog, 3 fascicles; now divided into 4 fascicles);
Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan (Account of Buddhism Sent from the South Seas), 4 fascicles;
Da Tang Xiyu qiu fa gaoseng zhuan (Biographies of Eminent Monks of the Great Tang Who Sought the Dharma in the Western Regions), 2 fascicles.
The above three collections of biographies, totaling ten fascicles, share the sounds glossed in this fascicle.

81.3

Collected Accounts of the Resonance of the Three Jewels in the Divine Land, Fascicle 1

81.4

Compiled by Huilin

81.5

𥄖響 (The first character has the fanqie xin1-yi3, which is a vulgar character; the correct form is 𥄖. The Shuowen jiezi writes it as [八/(囗@(俎-且))]: blood vessels move throbbing within the flesh, hence it is derived from ròu [肉] and bā [八]. Bā means differentiation; derived from shí [十] means the sound reverberates throughout the ten directions. Later people moved bā above shí to make 肸, and then changed it to xī [兮] to make 肹. The second character has the fanqie xiang1-liang3, meaning a resounding noise: an ideogrammic compound).

81.6

鄮塔 (With the fanqie mo4-hou4. This is a place name in Kuaiji. In Mao County there is an Aśoka pagoda. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The character 鄮 is derived from yì [邑] with 𧶝 as phonetic').

81.7

剡木 (With the fanqie yan2-ran3. The Erya says: '剡 means sharp.' The Picang says: 'It means to plane.' The Book of Changes says: 'They whittled wood into oars.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To sharpen it and make it keen: a phono-semantic character').

81.8

廣袤 (The second character has the fanqie mou2-hou4. The Yunquan says: '袤 means to extend.' The Shenglei says: '袤 is like cháng, long.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'East to west is called guǎng [breadth]; south to north is called mào [length]; it is derived from yī [衣] with máo [矛] as phonetic').

81.9

鰻魚 (With the fanqie man3-pan2. The Shuowen jiezi says: '鰻 is the name of a fish; it is derived from yú [魚] with màn [曼] as phonetic.' 曼 is pronounced wàn).

81.10

誣訾 (The first character has the fanqie wu3-fu1. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '誣 is like qī, to deceive.' Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: '誣 means to falsely impute.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '誣 means to fabricate words against someone; it is derived from yán [言] with wū [巫] as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie zi1-ci3. Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: '訾 means to defame someone with words.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It is derived from yán [言] with cǐ [此] as phonetic').

81.11

懽慘 (The first character has the fanqie huo4-guan1. The Shuowen jiezi says: '懽 means joy and pleasure; it is also written as 歡.' The second character has the fanqie can1-gan3. The Erya says: '慘 means sorrow.' Guo Pu says: 'The appearance of a worthy man in grief and distress.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '慘 means cruel; it is also written as 憯, meaning pain: a phono-semantic compound').

81.12

灞上 (With the fanqie ba1-ma4. This is the name of a river in the Qin valley, located east of the city of Chang'an. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It is derived from yǔ [雨], gé [革], and yuè [月]: a mutually explanatory character').

81.13

鸑鷟 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 五 + 角; the second with 仕 + 角. The Guoyu states: "When the Zhou arose, a yuezhuo sang upon Mount Qi." Jia Kui's commentary states: "It is a divine bird, an alternative name for the phoenix.")

81.14

麁穬 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 蒼 + 租; its standard form is written with three 'deer' [鹿] as 麤. The second is pronounced with the fanqie [虢-寸+(圬-土)] + 猛. It was already explained earlier in the Neidian lu).

81.15

張掖 (Pronounced with the sound 亦; a commandery name).

81.16

大堆塔 (The middle [word] is pronounced with the fanqie 對 + 回. Wang Yi's commentary to the Chu ci states: "Kui-dui means high." The Wenzi dian shuo states: "A dui is a small mound; it is formed from 'earth' [土] with 'short-tailed bird' [隹] as phonetic." In the catalog it is written as 塠, which is a vulgar character. The last is pronounced with the fanqie 貪 + 荅. The Wenzi dian shuo states: "A ta is a stūpa temple").

81.17

𠁊塏 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 霜 + 兩; the second with 開 + 改. The Shuowen states: "𠁊 means bright; 塏 means high and dry land." 𠁊塏 means that the terrace is both tall and large, and situated upon a ridge, elevated, clear, and visible from afar; hence it is called 𠁊塏).

81.18

玁狁 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 杴 + 檢; sometimes written as 獫. The second is pronounced with the sound 允. Mao's commentary to the Shijing states: "Xianyun is an alternative name for the Northern Di barbarians").

81.19

䃜玉 (Pronounced with the fanqie 翳 + 奚. The Wenzi jilüe states: "Yi is a black jade." In the catalog text it is written with 'jade' [玉] as 瑿, which is also acceptable).

81.20

櫨枓 (The first is pronounced with the sound 盧; the second with the fanqie 當 + 狗. The Shuowen states: "Lu is the crossbeam bracket [枅] atop a pillar; dou is the square wooden block atop a pillar, shaped like a dipper." 枅 is pronounced with the fanqie 企 + 見. Both are phono-semantic characters).

81.21

剽掠 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 匹 + 曜. The Shuowen states: "Piao means to rob people of wealth and property." In the catalog text it is written with 'bristle' [彡] as 彯, which is incorrect. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 力 + 灼. Zheng's commentary to the Liji states: "Lüe means to plunder." Character dictionaries give the pronunciation as 亮, but the meaning is divergent, so it is not adopted here).

81.22

淖泥 (Pronounced with the fanqie 儜 + 孝. The Guangya states: "Nao is like mud [埿]; it also means multitude." Zheng's commentary to the Yili states: "It means widespread and large; nao means harmonious." The Huainanzi states: "Water is moist and slippery due to its slushiness [淖溺]." The Shenglei states: "Nao is like immersion [溺]." The Gujin zhengzi states: "It is formed from 'water' [水] with 'eminent' [卓] as phonetic").

81.23

灌溉 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 官 + 渙; the second with 機 + 未. The Shuowen states: "Gai means to irrigate; nowadays it refers to watering the roots and stems of planted vegetation").

81.24

倭國 (Pronounced with the fanqie 烏 + 和; the name of a small country in the Eastern Sea, bordering Silla. In the catalog it is written with 'mound' [𨸏] as 𱀚, which is incorrect).

81.25

倒𤝔谷 (The first is pronounced with the sound 到; the second with the sound 柴).

81.26

葛藟 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 倫 + 委. Guo Pu's commentary to the Erya states: "Lü is a kind of vine." The Wenzi dian shuo states: "A kudzu vine." In the catalog it is written as [苨-匕+?], which is incorrect).

81.27

蔚迴 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 氳 + 物; the second with 熒 + 瑩).

81.28

自縊 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 伊 + 計. The Zuo zhuan states: "The Mo'ao hanged himself in Huanggu." The Kaosheng states: "Yi is like executing oneself to death." The Gongyang zhuan states: "King Ling hanged himself to death." He Xiu's commentary states: "It means hanging oneself by the neck to die").

81.29

祇速 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 之 + 日. The Kaosheng states: "Qi is like just/only; it also means at ease").

81.30

鐵碪 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 縶 + 金; also written as 砧. In the catalog it is written with 'wood' [木] as 杭, which is incorrect; it is also written as 椹).

81.31

竝凹 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 洼 + 𦜮. The Yunying states: "Ao is like a hollow or depression." 洼 is pronounced with the fanqie 厄 + 瓜; 𦜮 is pronounced with the fanqie 誇 + 化; 坳 is pronounced with the fanqie 厄 + 交).

81.32

晃煜 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 黃 + 廣. The Shuowen states: "Huang means bright." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 與 + 六. The Shuowen states: "Yu means shining; it also means blazing; it is formed from 'fire' [火] with 'radiant' [昱] as phonetic." In the catalog it is written as 昱, whose meaning diverges).

81.33

牙匳 (Pronounced with the fanqie 獵 + 占. The Kaosheng writes it with 'box' [匚] as 匳, which is the standard form; it resembles a lidded box with ridges and joints, used for storing things. The Guiyuan zhucong writes it with 'bamboo' [竹] as 籢, which is an implement for holding a mirror. Examining the lian, there are incense boxes and also those used for elephant-mirrors; here, 'ivory lian' refers to an ivory lidded box).

81.34

白㲲 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 恬 + 協).

81.35

剖擊 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 普 + 垢. Kong's commentary to the Shangshu states: "Pou is like breaking open." Du's commentary to the Zuo zhuan states: "Splitting down the middle is pou." The Cang Jie pian states: "To cleave." The Shuowen states: "To divide; formed from 'knife' [刀] with 咅 as phonetic." 咅 is pronounced with the fanqie 土 + 口).

81.36

徐椿 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 勅 + 倫; the personal name of an inhabitant of Song).

81.37

令馥 (Pronounced with the fanqie 逢 + 斛; the personal name of a magistrate of Guangling. Mao's commentary to the Shijing states: "Fu refers to a fragrant aroma being intensely scented." The Gujin zhengzi states: "It is formed from 'fragrance' [香] with 'return' [复] as phonetic").

81.38

執珽 (The first is the standard character 執. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 汀 + 井. Zheng's commentary to the Liji states: "The ting is also an official tablet [笏]; it expresses standing upright without yielding." The Shuowen states: "Ting is a large jade tablet, three feet long; in antiquity an eight-inch foot was used, which corresponds to two feet four inches today; it is formed from 'jade' [玉] with 'court' [廷] as phonetic").

81.39

𧷽一人 (Pronounced with the fanqie 乘 + 證. Character dictionaries state: "𧷽 means surplus." The Gujin zhengzi states: "It is formed from 'cowrie' [貝] with abbreviated 𠢧." In the catalog it is written as 𧷽, which is a vulgar character).

81.40

溳水 (Pronounced with the fanqie 于 + 群. The Shuowen states: "The Yun River emerges from Kuiyang County in Nanyang Commandery, bears eastward, and enters Xiakou; it is formed from 'water' [水] with 'member' [員] as phonetic." 員 is pronounced like 雲 [yun]).

81.41

Sanbao gantong zhuan, Middle Fascicle

81.42

銓次 (Pronounced with the fanqie 七 + 宣. The Guangya states: "Quan is like preparing/arranging." The Erya states: "Quan is legal calibration [律銓]." Guo Pu's commentary states: "Laws and regulations are that by which lightness and heaviness are appraised." Du's commentary to the Zuo zhuan states: "To order/sequence." The Shuowen states: "A steelyard balance; formed from 'metal' [金] with 'complete' [全] as phonetic").

81.43

蔡愔 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 揖 + 心; a personal name).

81.44

滬瀆 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 胡 + 古. The Hetu states: "When the sovereign arrived at the waters of Xuanhu, a divine tortoise bore the script"; it refers to this very water. It was already explained earlier).

81.45

莘里 (Pronounced with the fanqie 所 + 臻. Mao's commentary to the Shijing states: "Youshen is the name of a state; it is also the name of a village [里]").

81.46

高悝 (Pronounced with the fanqie 苦 + 迴; a personal name).

81.47

歔欷 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 許 + 魚; the second with 許 + 衣. Wang Yi's commentary to the Chu ci states: "Xuxi is like the appearance of sobbing and weeping." He Xiu's commentary to the Gongyang zhuan states: "Sorrowful." The Cang Jie pian states: "The lingering sounds of weeping." The Shuowen states: "Xuxi means exhaling breath; both characters are formed from 'yawn/sigh' [欠], with 虛 and 希 serving as phonetics").

81.48

摹寫 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 莫 + 胡. The Guangya states: "Mo is like copying a likeness." The Shenglei states: "A clay model." The Shuowen states: "To trace a model; formed from 'hand' [手] with 'peerless' [莫] as phonetic; sometimes written as 摸").

81.49

閩越 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 閔 + 彬; the second with 爰 + 月. Guo's commentary to the Shanhai jing states: "Minyue refers to Xi'ou; today's Jian'an Commandery is it." The Shuowen states: "A land of the Southeast Yue; also a kind of serpent; formed from 'insect/reptile' [虫] with abbreviated 'gate' [門] as phonetic").

81.50

牽挽 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 誥 + 延. The Guangya states: "Qian is like wan [pull]." Zheng Xuan's commentary to the Zhouli states: "An ox positioned before a cart is called qian." The Shuowen states: "Qian means pulling forward; it is formed from 冂; 冂 pulls the ox, 冂 depicting the nose-rope of an ox; 玄 serves as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 𠕀 + 坂; sometimes written with 'cart' [車] as 輓. In the catalog it is written as 𢱍, which is an error).

81.51

揊然 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 丕 + 逼. The Kaosheng states: "Pi is the sound of heavy binding." The Guangya states: "The sound of striking." In the catalog it is written with 'earth' [土] as 堛; 堛 is like a clod of earth [土凷], which is not the original meaning and is not adopted here).

81.52

豆盧褒 (The middle is the standard character 盧. The last is pronounced with the fanqie 保 + 毛; a personal name. Zheng Xuan's commentary to the Liji states: "Bao means to advance; it also means to praise." The Shuowen states: "It is formed from 'clothing' [衣] with 'protect' [保] as phonetic").

81.53

𣽨畯 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 特 + 能. The Wenzi dian shuo states: "Formed from 'water' [水] with abbreviated 𦫀 as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 遵 + 峻. Teng Jun was the Grand Protector of Jiangling under the Jin. Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli states: "The character jun refers to the director of agriculture who instructs his bailiffs." The Shuowen states: "Formed from 'field' [田] with 夋 as phonetic").

81.54

締構 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 弟 + 奚. The Shuowen states: "Di means knotting firmly so as not to untie; it also means solid; formed from 'silk' [系] with 'emperor' [帝] as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 候. Examining the Yupian, it is properly written as 冓, the same as 構; gou means to join together; it also means to complete. The Shuowen states: "To pile timber; formed from 'wood' [木] with 冓 as phonetic").

81.55

沙汰 (The second is pronounced with the sound 泰. Wang Yi's commentary to the Chu ci states: "Tai is the tossing of waves." The Guangya states: "To wash." The Kaosheng states: "Tai is the appearance of wave-washing and scouring." The Shuowen states: "Tai means washing, sifting, and selecting; formed from 'water' [水] with 'great' [太] as phonetic." 湅 is pronounced like 練 [lian]).

81.56

烔然 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 洞 + 東. The Han text of the Shijing states: "Vast and burning [烔烔]." The Picang states: "Tong is the appearance of blazing." The Gujin zhengzi states: "Formed from 'fire' [火] with 'same' [同] as phonetic").

81.57

𭫲桁 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 率 + 追. Guo's commentary to the Erya states: "Cui are rafters." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 杏 + 庚. The Kaosheng states: "Roof purlins").

81.58

武[穫-禾+(尋-口+几)] (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 央 + 脚; the ancestral temple taboo name of Empress Zetian. The Kaosheng states: "Huo means to measure; it means planning and measuring height").

81.59

周玘 (Pronounced with the fanqie 欺 + 紀).

81.60

老姥齎 (The middle is pronounced with the fanqie 摹 + 補. The Jiangbiao zhuan states: "Mu is an appellation for an elderly woman." Character dictionaries also write it with 'horse' [馬] as 媽, with the same pronunciation. The last is pronounced with the fanqie 祭 + 奚. The Shuowen states: "Ji means to carry and hold items while travelling on the road; formed from 'cowrie' [貝] with 'even' [齊] as phonetic").

81.61

譙國 (Pronounced with the fanqie 齊 + 焦. The Han shu states: "Pei Commandery is the ancient state of Qiao").

81.62

蹠之 (Pronounced with the fanqie 章 + 亦. The Shuowen states: "Zhi means foot; formed from 'foot' [足] with 庶 as phonetic").

81.63

三謐 (Pronounced with the fanqie 民 + 畢).

81.64

掖門 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 盈 + 益. Ying Shao's commentary to the Han shu states: "Ye is a small side gate beside the main palace gate." The Shuowen states: "Formed from 'hand' [手] with 'night' [夜] as phonetic").

81.65

建旟 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 與 + 諸. The Zhouli states: "A falcon banner is a yu; regional inspectors and local cantons set up the yu." Zheng Xuan's commentary states: "It symbolizes their bravery." Guo's commentary to the Erya states: "A yu is made by flaying bird skins and feathers and mounting them atop a staff." The Shuowen states: "Formed from 'banner' [㫃] with 與 as phonetic").

81.66

確不移 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 腔 + 角; 腔 is pronounced with the fanqie 苦 + 江. The 'Wenyan' of the Zhouyi states: "Firm [確乎], it cannot be uprooted." Furthermore, the 'Xici' states: "Heaven is resolute [確然], showing ease to men." 易 is pronounced with the fanqie 夷 + 至. Han Kangbo's commentary states: "Que is the appearance of being firm and solid." The Kaosheng states: "Que refers to steadfast solidity").

81.67

輲車 (The first is pronounced with the sound 遄, pronounced identically to 船. Zheng's commentary to the Liji states: "A car without spokes is called a chuan, meaning it rolls sticking close to the mud." Sima Biao's commentary to the Zhuangzi states: "Chuan is like revolving." The Shuowen states: "A chuan is a low wheel beneath a screened carriage; properly written as 輇, with the same sound and meaning").

81.68

僅得 (Pronounced with the fanqie 勤 + 釁. The Guangya states: "Jin is like few; it also means barely able." The Gujin zhengzi states: "Formed from 'person' [人] with 'clay' [堇] as phonetic." 堇 is pronounced like 謹 [jin]).

81.69

煨燼 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 烏 + 迴. The Guangya states: "Wei means hot ashes [熅]." The Shuowen states: "Wei is fire within a basin; formed from 'fire' [火] with abbreviated 'fear' [畏] as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 夕 + 進. Du's commentary to the Zuo zhuan states: "Jin is the leftover wood from a fire." The Yupian properly writes it as 燼, with the same pronunciation and explanation as above).

81.70

緜亘 (The first is pronounced with the fanqie 沔 + 篇. Wang Yi's commentary to the Chu ci states: "Mian means entwined." Mao's commentary to the Shijing states: "Mianmian describes being continuous and unbroken." The Shuowen states: "Formed from 'silk' [系] with 'silk cloth' [帛] as phonetic." The second is pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 鄧. Mao's commentary to the Shijing states: "Gen is like everywhere." The Fangyan states: "To traverse completely." The Kaosheng writes it with 'wood' [木] as 𬃴, referring to extending far off).

81.71

驚眩 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 玄 + 練. The Cang Jie pian states: "Xuan means dimmed vision." Jia Kui's commentary to the Guoyu states: "Confused." The Shuowen states: "Formed from 'eye' [目] with 'dark' [玄] as phonetic").

81.72

近矚 (The second is pronounced with the fanqie 鍾 + 辱. The Yunlüe states: "Zhu means to gaze; exceedingly; that to which all eyes turn." The Yupian writes it with 'corpse' [尸] as 屬; shu means connected. In the Han shu it means near. Character dictionaries do not write 屬 with 'eye' [目]").

81.73

Trembling with fear (戰悸: the second character is pronounced *kui* + *ji* [jì]. The Mao Commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: 'Trembling with fear (悸悸) means having a rhythmic tremor.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '悸 means the appearance of the heart palpitating; it is formed from the "heart" radical (心) with *ji* (季) as the phonetic component.').

81.74

Planting ramie (種紵: the second character is pronounced *chu* + *lü* [zhù]. The 'Director of Bast' section of the *Rites of Zhou* says: 'Ramie (紵) is a type of hemp-like grass.' Zheng Xuan's commentary says: 'Cloth woven with fifteen *ye* (lengths) of cord, combed until fine and white, is called *zhu* (ramie).' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'It is a finer variety belonging to the abutilon family; it is formed from the "silk" radical (系) with *zhu* (宁) as the phonetic component.' The sound of 宁 is the same as above).

81.75

Field boundary / foundation (田墌: the second character is pronounced *zhi* + *shi* [zhí]. The *Kaosheng* says: '墌 means foundation (基).').

81.76

Stripped off (褫脫: the first character is pronounced *chi* + *er* [chǐ]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: '褫 means taking off clothes (撤衣).' 撤 is pronounced *chi* + *lie* [chè]. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Taking off clothes; it is formed from the "clothing" radical (衣) with *si* (虒) as the phonetic component.' 虒 is pronounced *zhi* [zhì]. The canonical text writes it with the 'earth' radical as 𰉳, which is incorrect).

81.77

Liu Yun (劉韞: the first is the correct character *liu* [劉]; the second is pronounced *yu* + *fen* [yùn], a person's name).

81.78

Liu Quan (劉悛: pronounced *ci* + *yuan* [quān], a person's name).

81.79

Moulding and chiseling (鎔斲: the first character is pronounced *yong* + *zhong* [róng]. The *Book of Han* says: 'What is cast by melting in metallurgy.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Copper filings used for casting moulds; it is the method for metallurgical vessels; it is formed from the "metal" radical (金) with *rong* (容) as the phonetic component.' The second character is pronounced *zhuo* [zhuó]. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Classic of Documents* says: '斲 means to chop or pare.' Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo tradition* says: 'Those who handle chiseling and cutting are artisans.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'To chop; it is formed from the "axe" radical (斤) and 𠁁.' 𠁁 is pronounced *dou* [dòu]. It is also written with [乳-孚+(看-目)] as [畫*(乳-孚+(看-目))]; [乳-孚+(看-目)] is pronounced *ji* [jǐ]. In the transmitted text it is written as 斲, which is a scribal error).

81.80

To relieve (用紓: pronounced *shu* + *zhu* [shū]. The *Zuo tradition* says: 'Thereby to relieve the distress of the State of Chu.' Du Yu's commentary says: '紓 is like to ease (緩).' The *Fangyan* says: 'To resolve/loosen.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "silk" radical (糸) with *yu* (予) as the phonetic component.' In the transmitted text it is written with 帀 as 𰫚, which is an error).

81.81

Entangled in this (絓是: the first character is pronounced *hu* + *gua* [guà]. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Elegies of Chu* says: '絓 means suspended.' The *Fangyan* says: 'To hold.' The *Zuo tradition* says: 'The outer harness-horse became entangled (絓) in a tree and halted.' Gu Yewang says: 'Obstructed.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "silk" radical (系) with *gui* (圭) as the phonetic component.').

81.82

Lances and the like (矟等: pronounced *shuang* + *jiao* [shuò]. The *Guangya* says: 'A 矟 is a long spear.' The *Picang* says: 'A 矟 is a spear.' It also says: 'A 矟 is an eighteen-foot spear; it is formed from the "spear" radical (矛) with *xiao* (肖) as the phonetic component.').

81.83

Plane and chisel (剗鏨: the first character is pronounced *chu* + *chan* [chǎn]. The *Boya* says: '剗 is like to pare (削).' The *Shenglei* writes it as 鏟, both sound and meaning being identical. The second character is pronounced *can* + *dan* [zàn]. The *Guangya* says: 'Carving with an engraving chisel is called 鏨.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '鏨 means a cold chisel; it is formed from the "metal" radical (金) with *zhan* (斬) as the phonetic component.' 鐫 is pronounced *zi* + *quan* [juān]).

81.84

Ziqian stood (子蒨立: the second character is pronounced *qian* + *jian* [qiàn], a person's name).

81.85

Sleeping carriage (轀輬: the first character is pronounced *wu* + *kun* [wēn]; the second is pronounced *lüe* + *chang* [liáng]. The *Records of the Grand Historian* says: 'A *wenliang* carriage is a sleeping carriage; because the First Emperor of Qin died and his death was not announced, it subsequently came to be used as a hearse carriage.' Meng Kang's commentary says: 'The *wenliang* carriage was formerly a clothes wagon; it had windows: when closed it was warm (轀/溫), and when opened it was cool (輬/涼).' The *Kaosheng* says: 'A light carriage.' The *Shuowen jiezi* states that both characters 轀 and 輬 are formed from the "carriage" radical (車) with 昷 and 京 also serving as phonetics. 昷 has the same sound).

81.86

Du Kan (杜龕: the second character is pronounced *kan* + *han* [kān], the correct character 龕, a person's name. In the transmitted text it is written with 合 as 龕, which is a popular form).

81.87

Moaning and groaning (呻吟: the first character is pronounced *shi* + *zhen* [shēn]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Book of Rites* says: '呻 is also to groan (吟).' The *Cang Jie pian* says: 'Moaning and groaning (呻吟) means sighing in grief.' The *Shuowen jiezi* states that both characters are formed from the "mouth" radical (口)).

81.88

Pus and blood (膿血: the first character is pronounced *nu* + *dong* [nóng]. Dictionaries correctly write it with the 'blood' radical as [盥-水+囟]. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '[盥-水+囟] means blood from an ulcer; it is formed from the "blood" radical (血) with the phonetic 䢉 abbreviated.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'The pus ([盥-水+囟]) of pus and blood.' Wei Hong wrote it as 膿 and also as [序-予+(((盥-皿)-水+(向-口+乂))/辰)], both being interchangeable. The transmitted text writes it as 膿, which is the popular character).

81.89

Smoke billowing up (煙漲: the second character is pronounced *zhang* + *yang* [zhàng]. The *Kaosheng* says: '漲 is like to fill.' It also uses the character 張 in the falling tone, the meaning being the same).

81.90

Towering up (歭然: the first character is pronounced *chi* + *li* [zhì]. The *Kaosheng* says: '峙 is like standing.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "stop" radical (止) with *si* (寺) as the phonetic component.' It is also written with the 'foot' radical as 跱. In the transmitted text it is written with the 'mountain' radical as 峙, which means a mountain standing toweringly).

81.91

Iron ore (鐵鑛: the first character is pronounced *tian* + *jie* [tiě], the correct character for iron [鐵]. The second character is pronounced *gu* + *meng* [kuàng]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Book of Rites* says: '礦 refers to the unrefined raw state of gold, jade, copper, iron, and the like.' It is also written as 丱, 𨥥, or 磺, both sound and meaning being identical).

81.92

Suspicion and jealousy (猜忌: the first character is pronounced *cai* + *zai* [cāi]. Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo tradition* says: 'Like suspicion (疑).' The *Fangyan* says: 'Hatred.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '猜 means hatred and harm; it is formed from the "dog" radical (犬) with *qing* (青) as the phonetic component.').

81.93

Stony and rugged (碌䃚: the first character is pronounced *long* + *gu* [lù]; the second is pronounced *cong* + *lu* [cù]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: 'Rough and obstructive (碌礙) refers to coarse and white gravel and stone.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'The appearance of uneven stony ground.' The transmitted text writes it as 䃙𮀼, which is an error).

81.94

Snapping and lifting (拗舉: the first character is pronounced *wu* + *jiao* [ǎo]. The *Wen zi ji lüe* says: '拗 means the hand breaking or snapping something.' The second character is the correct character 舉 [jǔ]. The *Kaosheng* says: '舉 is like recommending or raising aloft.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Raising together; it is formed from the "hand" radical (手) with *yu* (與) as the phonetic component.').

81.95

Window lattice (窗櫺: the first character is pronounced *chu* + *shuang* [chuāng]. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'In a wall it is called a lattice window (牖); in a door it is called a window (窗).' It is also written as 鹵; both are pictographic characters. The transmitted text writes it as 窓, which is a popular character. 芻 is pronounced *ce* + *ju* [chù]. The second character is pronounced *li* + *ding* [líng]. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '櫺 means the bars of a window lattice.' It is also written as 㯪. The transmitted text writes it as 櫺, which is incorrect).

81.96

Eight ridges (八楞: pronounced *le* + *deng* [léng]. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '楞 means having sharp angles and corners.' Correctly written as 柧; 柧 is pronounced *gu* [gū]).

81.97

In the clear stream (瀅中: pronounced *ying* + *ding* [yìng]. Lü Yanji's commentary on the 'Rhapsody on the Sweet Springs' says: '濎瀅 describes the appearance of a small body of water.' Its meaning is identical with 濚, which has been explained previously. In the transmitted text it is written with 營 as 瀯, which is an error).

81.98

Door crack (門罅: the second character is pronounced *hu* + *jia* [xià]. The *Kaosheng* says: 'A fissure in an earthenware vessel.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A crack or rupture; it is formed from the "earthenware vessel" radical (缶) with *hu* (虖) as the phonetic component.' It is also written with the 'mound' radical as 嘑 or as 㙤. The transmitted text writes it as 𨬆, which is incorrect).

81.99

Generally speaking (槩曰: pronounced *gai* + *dai* [gài]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Book of Rites* says: '槩 is like leveling (平).' The *Book of Han* says: 'Compared with possessing moral integrity (節槩), it also means an amount that can be leveled.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "tree" radical (木) with *ji* (既) as the phonetic component.').

81.100

Clanging resonant sound (鏗然: the first character is pronounced *ke* + *geng* [kēng]. The *Book of Rites* says: 'Zi Xia's bells and drums clanged resonantly (鏗鏘).' The *Kaosheng* says: 'The sound of metal and stone instruments.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states: 'Formed from the "metal" radical (金) with *jian* (堅) as the phonetic component.').

81.101

Feng River (澧水: pronounced *peng* + *feng* [féng]. The *Book of Han* says: 'The Feng River emerges from the southern mountains of Luo, is located east of Hu County, and flows northward into the Wei River.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states: 'Formed from the "water" radical (水) with *feng* (豐) as the phonetic component.' The pronunciation of 豊 is the same. In the transmitted text it is written with the 'settlement' radical as 鄷, which is a place name).

81.102

Guo River (濄水: pronounced *wu* + *he* [wō]. Li Shan's commentary on the 'Rhapsody on the River' says: '濄水 describes swirling and eddying waters.').

81.103

Qin Prefecture (沁州: pronounced *qi* + *jin* [qìn], the name of a prefecture).

81.104

Becoming new shoots (為枿: the second character is pronounced *wu* + *ge* [niè]. The *Kaosheng* says: 'Correctly written as [(橑-小)-日+(工/十)], the first sprouting shoot of a tree.' Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Classic of Documents* says: '枿 refers to the stump shoots that sprout anew from remaining wood.' 枿 is also the same).

81.105

Sorrowful and dejected (悢悢: pronounced *liang* + *yang* [liàng]. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Elegies of Chu* says: 'The feeling of resentment and discontent.' The *Guangya* says: 'Resentful and disappointed.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "heart" radical (心) with *liang* (良) as the phonetic component.').

81.106

Chronicle of Miraculous Responses of the Three Jewels, Fascicle Three

81.107

Expounding it (詮而: the first character is pronounced *qi* + *xuan* [quán]. The *Huainanzi* says: 'Expounding words (詮言) is that by which one sets forth the substance of good order and chaos; this is called *quan*.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '詮 means complete; it is formed from the "speech" radical (言) with *quan* (全) as the phonetic component.' In the recorded preface it is written with the 'bamboo' radical as 筌, which is a fish trap; it does not carry the meaning of evaluating or expounding, so it is not adopted).

81.108

Summarizing briefly (撮略: the first character is pronounced *zuan* + *kuo* [cuō]. The *Guangya* says: '撮 means to hold; it also means to pinch and take with the fingers.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states: 'Formed from the "hand" radical (手) with *zui* (最) as the phonetic component.').

81.109

Holding up the monk's staff (揭錫: the first character is pronounced *jie* [jiē]. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '揭 in carrying on a shoulder pole means lifting up high.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states: 'Formed from the "hand" radical (手) with *he* (曷) as the phonetic component.').

81.110

Looking around (周瞰: the second character is pronounced *kan* + *gan* [kàn]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: '瞰 is like looking.' When sought with the 'gate' radical as 闞, 闞 also means gazing from afar. Examining 'looking around' (周瞰), it precisely means the sense of surveying and gazing all around in four directions).

81.111

Cliff and precipice (崖隒: the first character is pronounced *wu* + *jie* [yá]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: '崖 means the high edge of a mountain.' The second character is pronounced *yan* + *jian* [yǎn], read identically with 儼. Guo Pu's commentary on the *Erya* says: '隒 describes the shape of a mountain resembling stacked earthen steamers.' The *Guangya* says: '隒 is an overhanging cliff with a hollowed belly.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '隒 means a cliff; it is formed from the "mound" radical (𨸏) with *jian* (兼) as the phonetic component.').

81.112

Sound of the chime stone (磬聲: pronounced *qing* + *jing* [qìng]. Dictionaries correctly write it with the 'stone' radical as 磬. Gu Yewang says: 'A musical chime made of stone is a 磬.' The *Classic of Documents* says: 'Floating chime stones from the banks of the Si.' The *Shiben* says: 'Wuju invented the chime stone.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A musical stone; it depicts the shape of suspended chimes, struck with a mallet; it is formed from the "stone" radical (石) with *qing* (殸) as the phonetic component.' 設 is the ancient character for 磬; its pronunciation is the same as above).

81.113

Chanting hymns (唄唱: the first character is pronounced *pai* + *bai* [bài]. The *Kaosheng* says: '唄 (pāṭha) is the sound of Sanskrit chanting.').

81.114

Grieved and sorrowful (惋恨: the first character is pronounced *wu* + *huan* [wàn]. The *Wen zi ji lüe* says: '惋 means startled, frightened, sighing, and regretful.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "heart" radical (心) with *wan* (宛) as the phonetic component.').

81.115

Sail and rudder (帆柁: the character 帆 takes the level tone of *fan* [fān]. The *Shiming* says: '帆 refers to a ship's canvas.' It is also written as 颿 or 𩗋. The transmitted text writes it as 舤, which is a popular character. The second character is pronounced *tuo* + *he* [duò]. Dictionaries correctly write it with 它. The *Kaosheng* says: '柁 is the stern of a boat.' The *Shiming* says: 'The stern straightener; the equipment for keeping a boat straight.' The transmitted text writes it with 㐌 as 柂, which is a popular character).

81.116

Whistling of the wind (颼颼: pronounced *sou* + *liu* [sōu]. The *Guangya* says: '颼颼 is the sound of the wind.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states: 'Formed from the "wind" radical (風) with *sou* (叜) as the phonetic component.' 叜 is the ancient form of the character 叟. The transmitted text writes it with the "wind" radical as [叟*風], which is incorrect).

81.117

Feeding trough and manger (槽櫪: the first character is pronounced *zao* + *gao* [cáo]; the second is pronounced *ling* + *di* [lì]. The *Kaosheng* says: 'A 槽 is a horse manger (櫪).' The *Gujin zhengzi* says: 'A trough for feeding beasts and livestock.' 飤 is pronounced *si* [sì]. Both characters 槽 and 櫪 are formed from the "wood" radical (木) with *cao* (曹) and *li* (歷) as their respective phonetic components).

81.118

Bed and couch (牀榻: the first character is pronounced *zhuang* + *zhuang* [chuáng]. The *Classic of Poetry* says: 'They sleep upon a bed (牀), where the body finds peace.' Formed from the "wood" radical (木) with *pan* (爿) as the phonetic component. The second character is pronounced *tan* + *la* [tà]. The *Guangya* says: '榻 means level.' The *Shiming* says: 'A bed that is narrow and long is called a 榻.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states: 'Formed from the "wood" radical (木) with [日/羽] as the phonetic component.').

81.119

White dromedary camel (白𩧐駝: the first character is pronounced *lang* + *ge* [luò]; the second is pronounced *tu* + *duo* [tuó]. The transmitted text writes it as 馲駞, which are popular characters).

81.120

Craggy and precipitous (巉巖: the first character is pronounced *cha* + *yan* [chán]; the second is pronounced *ya* + *xian* [yán]. The *Elegies of Chu* says: 'In the mountain ravines the waters crash precipitously, rising in waves.' Wang Yi's commentary says: '巉巖 describes mountain torrents being rugged and obstructed.' The *Guangya* says: '巉巖 describes a lofty and steep appearance.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states that both characters are formed from the "mountain" radical (山) with [毚-、] and 嚴 as their phonetics. 崎 is pronounced *qi* [qī]; 嶇 is pronounced *qu* [qū]; 毚 is pronounced *tu* + *xian* [chán]).

81.121

Palm tree (椶櫚: the first character is pronounced *zu* + *hong* [zōng]; the second is pronounced *lü* [lǘ]. Guo Pu's commentary on the *Classic of Mountains and Seas* says: 'The palm is a tree over twenty feet tall, with hanging branches and large, round leaves; its seedpods are thick and its bark heavy, which can be made into ropes and raincoats.' The *Gujin zhengzi* states that both characters are formed from the "wood" radical (木) with 㚇 and 閭 as their phonetics. 㚇 is pronounced *zong* [zōng]. The *Shuowen jiezi* also calls it 栟櫚, which is another name for the palm. In the transmitted text it is written as 葼䕡, which is a scribal error. 㚇 is pronounced *zong* [zōng]; 栟 is pronounced *bing* [bīng]).

81.122

Stumbling and falling (躓頓: the first character is pronounced *zhi* + *li* [zhì]. Gu Yewang says: '躓 is like stumbling (頓).' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "foot" radical (足) with *zhi* (質) as the phonetic component.' It is also written as 疐, both sound and meaning being identical).

81.123

Daoyong (道[囗@(儿/口)]: the second character is pronounced *gui* + *yong* [yǒng], a monk's name. In the transmitted text it is written as [囗@(儿/口)], which is a popular character).

81.124

Eunuch official of Wei (魏閹官: the first character is pronounced *yan* + *yan* [yān]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Rites of Zhou* says: 'Eunuch officials refers to palace gatekeepers who serve in the inner court.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Formed from the "gate" radical (門) with *yan* (奄) as the phonetic component.' 閽 is pronounced *hun* [hūn]).

81.125

Persimmon tree (柿樹: pronounced *shi* [shì], a tree with red fruit).

81.126

Temporarily encoffined (權斂: the second character is pronounced *lian* + *yan* [liàn]. The *Book of Rites* says: 'The minor encoffining (小斂) is inside the chamber; the major encoffining (大斂) is on the western steps.' Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary says: 'The recess for the coffin is also called 斂.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '斂 means to gather; it is formed from the "action" radical (攴) with *qian* (僉) as the phonetic component.' In the transmitted text it is written with 歹 as 殮, which is an accepted popular character).

81.127

Precious jade (寶瓊: the second character is pronounced *kui* + *ying* [qióng], a name for fine jade).

81.128

Not rotting (不[(餐-食)-又+ㄎ]: pronounced *xiu* + *jiu* [xiǔ]. The *Kaosheng* says: 'Flesh not rotting; decayed; it is formed from the "bad/decay" radical (歺) with *kao* (丂) as the phonetic component.').

81.129

Chan Master Kang (抗禪師: the first character is pronounced *kang* + *lang* [kàng], a person's name).

81.130

Yellowish dyed color (潢色: pronounced *huang* + *kuang* [huáng], dyeing in a yellow color).

81.131

Supporting the coffin (扶柩: the second character is pronounced *qiu* + *you* [jiù]. While on the bed it is called a corpse (屍); once placed in the coffin it is called a coffin with corpse (柩). It is formed from the "wood" radical (木) with *jiu* (匛) as the phonetic component. 匛 is pronounced the same as above).

81.132

Then withered (乃萎: the second character is pronounced *wei* + *wei* [wěi]. The Mao Commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: 'When trees and plants die, their leaves wither and their branches drop.' The sub-commentary says: '萎 is like drying up.').

81.133

Engrave it (鐫: jué + yuán [juān]; Yunying: "鐫 means to carve, to chisel." Shuowen: "Derived from 金 (metal) with 雋 as phonetic; it is composed of 隹 and [雋-隹]; in the record, writing it with 乃 is incorrect.").

81.134

Scripture casket (椷: the lower character is qià + xiān [xián]).

81.135

Borrowing goods (貣: tāng + lè [tè]; the character dictionary says: "To borrow an item for use and return it later.").

81.136

Loss of speech [mute] (瘖: yì + jīn [yīn]; Kaosheng says: "Unable to speak; derived from 疒 [disease].").

81.137

Dharma Master Min (旻: mì + pín [mín]; a person's name).

81.138

Wei Cong (悰: zú + zōng [cóng]; a person's name).

81.139

Drive them away (敺: the upper character is ā + gòu [qū]; Shuowen: "To strike.").

81.140

Balustrade (欄楯: the upper character has the sound lán; the lower is chún + yǐn [shǔn]; Hanshu yinyi says: "楯 is also a balustrade." Shuowen says: "楯 means a balustrade or railing; derived from 木 [wood] with 盾 as phonetic; 盾 has the same sound.").

81.141

Place words (厝: cū + gù [cuò]; Yunquan: "To place.").

81.142

Red pimples (皰: the upper character is pào + mào [pào]; Kaosheng states the correct form is 疱, meaning small sores on the face; also written 疱; Guiyuan zhucóng says: "疱 are tiny sores produced on a person's face by heat-vapour." Shuowen: "Derived from 皮 [skin] with 包 as phonetic.").

81.143

Astonished and surprised (訝: yá + jià [yà]).

81.144

Slander and defame (訕: the upper character has the sound shān; the lower is bǔ + làng [bàng]; Kong's commentary to the Lunyu says: "訕謗 means to defame and slander." Already explained in an earlier record).

81.145

Plinth and mortar (礎臼: the upper character has the sound chǔ; the lower has the sound jiù; pictographic; already explained previously).

81.146

Instigate discord (構隙: the upper character has the sound gòu; character dictionaries state it is also written 冓; Gu Yewang says: "搆 means to bring about." The lower is qīng + nì [xì]; Jia Kui's commentary on Guoyu says: "隙 is like a rift or grudge." Gu Yewang says: "隙 refers to animosity and resentment arising from an intervening division." Shuowen: "Derived from 𨸏 with an abbreviated phonetic; 𡭽 has the same sound as above." In the text of the transmission, writing it from 巢 as 隟 is incorrect).

81.147

One dou (兜: the lower character is dǒu + hóu [dōu]; derived from 兜 with an abbreviated 皃, depicting the shape of a human head; 呪 has the sound gǔ. In the note by Lin Bosheng, "one dōu" is a sack holding one bushel).

81.148

Poison with zhen (鴆: the upper character has the sound zhèn; Shanhai jing says: "Mount Nüji has winter zhèn birds." Du Yu's commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: "The feathers of the zhèn bird are venomous; if steeped in wine and drunk, one dies." Gujin zhengzi: "Derived from 鳥 [bird] with 冘 as phonetic." In the text, writing it as 躭 is incorrect).

81.149

Walking barefoot (跣: the upper character is xiān + diǎn [xiǎn]; the Shangshu says: "If walking barefoot without looking at the ground, one's feet will be injured." Shuowen says: "跣 means to look at the ground with bare feet; derived from 足 [foot] with 先 as phonetic.").

81.150

Awl and saw (錐鋸: the upper character has the sound zhuī; Zuo zhuan says: "The point of an awl or knife." Thus Shiji says: "An awl is not placed in a pouch; its tip would instantly show." Shuowen says: "A sharp object; derived from 金 [metal] with 隹 as phonetic." The lower is jū + yù [jù]; Jia Kui's commentary on Guoyu says: "鋸斷 refers to the capital punishment of castration." Cang Jie pian says: "That is, a saw that cuts objects." Shuowen: "Derived from 金 [metal] with 居 as phonetic.").

81.151

Gravel (礫: the lower character is líng + dì [lì]; Chuci says: "Tiles and gravel are brought forward while precious jade is discarded." Shuowen says: "礫 means small stones; derived from 石 [stone] with 樂 as phonetic." In the text, writing it as 礰 is incorrect).

81.152

Account of Buddhism Sent from the South Seas, Fascicle 1

81.153

Still and quiet (闃: the upper character is qīng + yì [qù]; Picang says: "𨵙 means quiet." Gujin zhengzi: "Derived from 門 [gate] with 臭 as phonetic; 臭 has the sound of gǔ + 𨵙 [qù]; it is composed of 目 [eye] and 犬 [dog]." The lower is qíng + yì [jì], which is the standard form of the character 寂).

81.154

Contracting and expanding (慘舒: the upper character is cāng + gǎn [cǎn]; the lower is shǔ + yú [shū]. "慘舒" refers to yin and yang: yang generates, grows, expands, and opens; yin chills, kills, closes, and stores. Once darkness and light exist, cold and heat can then be distinguished. When the world was an empty void, the sun and moon did not yet exist, and the pure heavens had not descended, nor was there bodily radiance; hence all was still and blended together, so contraction and expansion were indistinguishable).

81.155

Kneading clay (挻埴: the upper character is shè + yán [shān]; the lower is chéng + lì [zhí]; Song Zhong says: "挻 means to knead; 埴 means clay. Potters knead clay to make earthenware vessels." Gujin zhengzi: "挻 is derived from 手 [hand] with 延 as phonetic; 埴 is derived from 土 [earth] with 直 as phonetic.").

81.156

Mountains towering (峙: the lower character is chí + lǐ [zhì]; already explained in Fascicle 11 of the Biographies of Eminent Monks).

81.157

Mallet-shaped hairbun (椎髻: the upper character is zhí + zhuī [chuí]; the lower is jī + yì [jì]; Zheng's commentary on the Yili says: "髻 means bound hair." Gujin zhengzi: "Derived from 髟 with 吉 as phonetic; 髟 has the sound bì + yáo [biāo]; 椎 is derived from 木 [wood].").

81.158

Potter wasp (蜾蠃: the upper character is gē + huǒ [guǒ]; the lower is lú + guǒ [luǒ]; Mao commentary to the Shijing says: "蜾蠃 is the púlu." Guo Pu's commentary to the Erya says: "Namely, the slender-waisted wasp; called wēngwēng." Shuowen's standard form is [虫*鬲*(舛-夕)], saying: "An earth wasp; by the nature of heaven and earth, slender-waisted wasps have no offspring." Derived from 虫 [insect] with 𩰫 as phonetic; 𩰫 has the sound gē. 蠃 is derived from 虫 with 𣎆 as phonetic. 蠮 has the sound yì; 螉 has the sound wēng + gòng [wèng]).

81.159

Caterpillar (螟𧕅: the upper character is mì + jīng [míng]; the lower is lì + dīng [líng]; Erya says: "螟𧕅 is a mulberry worm." Guo Pu's commentary says: "The mulberry borer; another name is the róngnǚ." Shuowen: "Both characters are derived from 虫 [insect], with 冥 and 霝 as phonetics." In the transmission, written as 蛉, as in the word dragonfly, which is incorrect).

81.160

Hundun [Chaos] (渾沌: the upper character is hún + wěn [hùn]; the lower is dùn + wěn [dùn]; Du Yu's commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: "渾沌 means indiscriminate and unclassified." Wang Bi says: "Undifferentiated and unable to be named." In Zhuangzi, it is the name of the Emperor of the Centre, and also refers to an undiscriminating appearance. It refers to when the clear and turbid were not yet separated. Gujin zhengzi: "Both are derived from 水 [water] with 軍 and 屯 as phonetics." Also written from 人 [person] as 倱伅, or written as 混).

81.161

Infants and babies (孩嬰: the upper character is hái + āi [hái]; Gu Yewang says: "孩 means an infant." The lower is yǐng + yíng [yīng]; Shiming says: "At the beginning of human life, an infant held before the breast is called 嬰; it means carrying it before the breast and nursing it." Shuowen: "Derived from 女 [woman] with 賏 as phonetic; 賏 has the same sound as above." In the transmission, written as 孾, which is incorrect).

81.162

Traces of the precepts (躅: zhòng + lù [zhú]; Hanshu yinyi says: "躅 means trace." The San Cang states that a footprint is called 躅. Gujin zhengzi: "Derived from 足 [foot] with 蜀 as phonetic.").

81.163

Curtailed and restricted (局提: the upper character is qióng + lù [jú]; Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: "局 means division." Guangya: "局 means close-set, conserving life." Shuowen: "Curtailed; derived from 口 under 尺.").

81.164

Knots of (紐: nǐ + jiǔ [niǔ]; Shuowen says: "紐 means a silk cord; another definition says: a knot that can be untied; derived from 糸 [silk] with 丑 as phonetic.").

81.165

Merchant vessel (商舶: the upper is the standard character shāng; the lower has the sound bái; Kaosheng says: "A Kunlun ship." Wenzidian shuo says: "A large ship on the ocean; derived from 舟 [boat] with 白 as phonetic; also written 艊.").

81.166

Hulun (堀倫: the upper character is qún + yù [kū]; an erroneous corruption of the pronunciation for Kunlun).

81.167

Curly hair (頭鬈: the lower character is qún + yuán [quán]; Kaosheng says: "Curled hair." Shuowen: "Derived from 髟 with 卷 as phonetic." In the transmission, it is written from 手 [hand] as 捲).

81.168

Kanman [kambala/loincloth] (敢曼: Sanskrit; a lower garment to cover bodily nakedness, resembling the trousers of this land; a single strip of cloth, unsewn, wrapped around beneath the waist; it is called hé màn).

81.169

Huan Prefecture (驩州: the upper character is huàn + guān [huān]; within the jurisdiction of Annam).

81.170

Bijing (匕景: the upper character is bēi + mǐ [bǐ]; the name of a southern barbarian country).

81.171

Banam Kingdom (跋南國: the upper character is pán + wèi [bá]; another name for what is now the Funan Kingdom).

81.172

Naked form (裸: huā + wǎ [luǒ]; not wearing clothes).

81.173

One basketful (籄: kuí + wèi [kuì]; an earth basket).

81.174

Examine it (覈: the upper character is héng + gé [hé]; fully explained in Fascicle 5 of the Biographies of Eminent Monks).

81.175

Replying to Ridicule (解嘲: the upper character is jiē + mǎi [jiě]; the lower is zhì + jiāo [cháo]; Boya says: "謿 means jesting." Cang Jie pian: "Teasing." Shuowen writes it as 啁, derived from 口 [mouth] with 周 as phonetic; the transmitted text originally had 謿, a vulgar character; composed by Yang Xiong of the Han dynasty as 'Replying to Ridicule').

81.176

Furrows and fields (畎畝: jué + xuàn [quǎn]; Kaogongji says: "The plowshare is five inches wide; two plowshares make a pair. A furrow one foot wide and one foot deep is a quǎn." Guangya: "A trench." Gujin zhengzi: "Derived from 田 [field] with 犬 as phonetic.").

81.177

Bowing to the ground (頓顙: the upper character is dū + kùn [dùn]; the lower is sāng + lǎng [sǎng]; forehead touching the ground).

81.178

Vermilion steps (丹墀: zhì + jī [chí]; Hanshu: "The scholar ascends the steps patterned on the right, treading the coating of red steps." Shuowen: "A painted floor; in ritual, the Son of Heaven has red steps; derived from 土 [earth] with 犀 as phonetic; red means vermilion.").

81.179

Errors and mistakes (訛謬: the upper character is wú + gē [é]; the lower is méi + yòu [miù]; Zheng's commentary to the Shijing says: "訛 means false." Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "謬 means erroneous." Liu Xi says: "Discrepant." Gujin zhengzi: "Derived from 言 [speech] with 化 as phonetic; also written 譌." Shuowen says: "謬 means the words of a madman's mind; derived from 言 with 翏 as phonetic.").

81.180

Settled and rippling (定瀲: lián + shàn [liàn]; Kaosheng says: "瀲 means the shallow edge of water; floating." Gujin zhengzi writes it as 澰, saying: "Clear; derived from 水 [water] with 僉 as phonetic.").

81.181

Kerchief (巾帊: the upper character has the sound jīn; the lower is pò + bà [pà]; also written 𬡊, with the same sound).

81.182

Distribute them (頒: the upper character has the sound bān; not its original pronunciation, used as a borrowed character).

81.183

Small chopping block (枯: zhí + lín [zhēn]; the correct form is 椹; in the sūtra, writing it with 手 as 枯 is an error).

81.184

Long pot of stew (長[腕-夗+隹]: the upper character is zhí + liàng [zhàng]; Wenzidian shuo says: "長 means surplus length; derived from inverted 亡, from 兀, and from 匕; this is a borrowed use of the character 長." The lower is hē + gè [hè]; Kaosheng says: "𦞦 is like a thick broth." Shuowen: "Derived from 月 [meat] with 寉 as phonetic.").

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese