翻譯名義集 1.260

1.260

【和尚】或和闍羯磨。疏云：「自古翻譯，多雜蕃胡，胡傳天語，不得聲實，故有訛僻。」傳云：「和尚，梵本正名鄔波遮迦。傳至于闐，翻為和尚，傳到此土，什師翻名力生。」《舍利弗問經》云：「夫出家者，捨其父母生死之家，入法門中，受微妙法。蓋師之力，生長法身，出功德財，養智慧命，功莫大焉。」又和尚亦翻近誦，以弟子年少，不離於師，常逐常近，受經而誦。《善見》云：「和尚，外國語，漢言知有罪知無罪也（《明了論本》云：『優波陀訶，翻為依學，依此人學戒定慧故，即和尚也。』）」義淨云：「鄔波陀耶，此云親教師，由能教離出世業故。」故和尚有二種：一親教，即受業也；二依止，即稟學也。《毘奈耶》云：「弟子門人，纔見師時，即須起立；若見親教，即捨依止。」

[Upādhyāya (heshang)] Also rendered heshejiemo. The Commentary says: "Since ancient times, translations were often mixed with [dialects of] Central Asian barbarian lands. When barbarians transmitted the heavenly language [Sanskrit], they failed to capture the accurate sounds, hence there are errors and deviations." The tradition states: "The correct Sanskrit original for heshang is upajjhāya (or upacāraka). When transmitted to Khotan, it was translated as heshang. When it reached this land, Master Kumārajīva translated it as 'producer of strength'." The Śāriputraparipṛcchā-sūtra says: "Those who leave householder life renounce the home of their parents and of saṃsāra, enter the Dharma gate, and receive the wondrous Dharma. It is by the strength of the master that the dharmakāya is born and grown, the wealth of merit is brought forth, and the life of wisdom is nourished; no merit is greater than this." Furthermore, heshang is also translated as 'one who recites nearby', because when a disciple is young, he does not depart from the master, constantly following and staying near him to receive the scriptures and recite them. The Samantapāsādikā says: "Heshang is a foreign word, meaning in Chinese 'one who knows offenses and knows non-offenses' (The Root Text of the Mingliao lun says: 'Upadhyāya is translated as 'one relied upon for study'; because one relies on this person to study precepts, samādhi, and wisdom, he is the heshang')." Yijing says: "Upādhyāya is rendered here as 'personal preceptor' (qinjiaoshi), because he can instruct in the transcendence of worldly endeavors." Therefore, there are two kinds of upādhyāyas: 1. the personal preceptor, under whom one receives ordination; 2. the reliance preceptor, from whom one receives instruction. The Vinaya says: "The moment disciples and pupils see their master, they must immediately stand up; but if they see their personal preceptor, they leave their reliance preceptor [to attend on him]."