翻譯名義集 1.262

1.262

【頭陀】新云杜多，此云抖擻，亦云修治，亦云洮汰。《垂裕記》云：「抖擻煩惱故也。」《善住意天子經》云：「頭陀者，抖擻貪欲嗔恚愚癡。三界內外六入，若不取不捨，不修不著，我說彼人，名為杜多。」今訛稱頭陀，《大品》云：「須菩提！說法者受十二頭陀：一作阿蘭若，二常乞食，三納衣，四一坐食，五節量食，六中後不飲漿，七塜間住，八樹下，九露地住，十常坐不臥，十一次第乞食，十二但三衣。」《大論》六十七云：「十二頭陀，不名為戒。能行則戒莊嚴，不能行不犯戒。」然論但依經次第廣釋，不分部位，諸文引用多誤，故此點出。《南山律鈔》：「位分為四。衣二：一納衣，二但三衣。食四：一乞食，二不作餘食法，三一坐，四一揣（徒端切。揣者，雜也。一和雜者，不以種種盛貯，名一揣食）。處五：一蘭若，二塜間，三樹下，四露坐，五隨坐。威儀一，常坐。」此無次第乞食，處加隨坐。《通源記》引《南山》云：「季世佛法，崇尚官榮，僥倖之夫，妄生朋翼。庶因斯語，自省厥躬。至若調利養如毛繩，視朱門為蓬戶。尚思曳尾，猶被興嘲，況乎以咳唾為恩，眄睞成飾，潛通慧好，強事趨馳。縱假寵於一時，終受嗤於群口，榮不補辱，夫何誤哉？」

[Dhūta] The newer [translation] gives duda, translated here as "shaking off"; it is also called "cultivating and regulating", and also called "rinsing and purging". The Chuiyu ji says: "Because it shakes off the afflictions." The Suviddhitacittadāraka-sūtra says: "Dhūta means shaking off greed, anger, and delusion. If, regarding the six inner and outer sense bases of the triple realm, one neither grasps nor abandons, neither cultivates nor clings, I say that such a person is called a duda." Today it is mistakenly called dhūta. The Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra says: "Śāriputra! One who expounds the Dharma undertakes the twelve dhūtas: first, dwelling in the wilderness (āraṇyaka); second, always begging for food; third, wearing robes made of rags; fourth, eating at one sitting; fifth, regulating the amount of food; sixth, not drinking unboiled beverages after midday; seventh, dwelling in charnel grounds; eighth, dwelling beneath trees; ninth, dwelling in the open air; tenth, always sitting and never lying down; eleventh, begging for food in regular order; twelfth, possessing only three robes." The Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa, fascicle 67, says: "The twelve dhūtas are not termed precepts. If one is able to practice them, they adorn the precepts; if one is unable to practice them, one does not violate the precepts." However, the treatise merely provides an extensive explanation following the order of the sūtra without distinguishing categories, so when various texts cite it they often make errors; thus this is pointed out here. The Nanshan lüchao states: "The categories are divided into four. Robes are two: first, robes made of rags; second, possessing only three robes. Food is four: first, begging for food; second, not partaking of remaining food; third, eating at one sitting; fourth, eating in a single lump (pronounced tu-duan; "lump" means mixed; "mixing into one" means not using various vessels to hold and store it, which is called 'eating in a single lump'). Dwelling is five: first, dwelling in the wilderness; second, charnel grounds; third, beneath trees; fourth, sitting in the open; fifth, sitting wherever one happens to be. Deportment is one: always sitting." Here there is no "begging in regular order", and "sitting wherever one happens to be" is added under dwelling. The Tongyuan ji quotes Nanshan as saying: "In this degenerate age the Buddha's Dharma esteems official honors, and opportunistic men falsely form cliques and factions. May they, on account of these words, examine themselves! As for treating profit and sustenance like a rope of hair, and looking upon the vermilion gates of the wealthy as humble huts of reeds: even thinking to drag one's tail [in the mud like a tortoise] still provokes mockery; how much more so when one treats a patron's spits and coughs as gracious favors, regards their glances as adornment, secretly establishes intimate ties, and forcibly bustles in attendance! Even though one might borrow temporary favor for a time, in the end one is ridiculed by the multitude; honor does not compensate for disgrace—what a terrible delusion!"