翻譯名義集 2.107

2.107

西土之豪族也，富商大賈，積財鉅萬，咸稱長者。此方則不然，蓋有德之稱也。《風俗通》云：「春秋末，鄭有賢人，著一篇，號鄭長者，謂年耆德芥事長於人，以之為長者。」韓子云：「重厚自居曰長者。」天台《文句》云：「長者十德：一姓貴，姓則三皇五帝之裔，左貂（都寮）右插之家。二位高，位則輔弼丞相鹽梅阿衡。三大富，富則銅陵金谷豐饒侈靡。四威猛，威則嚴霜隆重不肅而成。五智染，智則胸如武庫權奇超拔。六年耆，年則蒼蒼稜稜物儀所伏。七行淨，行則白珪無玷所行如言。八禮備，禮則節度庠序世所式瞻。九上歎，上則一人所敬。十下歸，下則四海所歸。」《淨名疏》云：「國內勝人，稱為長者，必是貴族。雖是貴族，爵位卑微，不稱姓望。雖是高位，貧無財德，世所不重。雖財充積，無寵不威，物不敬畏。雖有大勢，神用暗短，智人所輕。雖有神解明鑒，而年在幼，物情不揖。雖年耆貌皓，內行廝（音斯）惡，人所鄙怪。雖操行無瑕，而外缺禮儀，無可瞻愛。雖進止容與，若上人不睦，名不徹遠。雖豪貴歌詠，無恩及下，物所不祟。故具十德方稱長者。」

Among the prominent clans of the Western regions, wealthy merchants and great traders who amass tens of thousands in wealth are all called śreṣṭhin (elders). In this region [China] it is not so: it is an appellation of moral virtue. The Fengsu tong says: "At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, there was a worthy man in Zheng who wrote a work and was styled the Elder of Zheng, meaning that with venerable age and virtuous eminence his deeds excelled other men, and therefore he was taken as an elder." Hanzi says: "One who maintains gravity and generosity in conduct is called an elder." The Tiantai Wenju says: "An elder has ten virtues: First, nobility of clan—his lineage descends from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, a house adorned with sable and plumes. Second, high position—his rank is that of assistant minister or chancellor, serving as a pillar of state like Yi Yin. Third, immense wealth—his fortune abounds in lavish abundance like the copper mountains and Golden Valley. Fourth, majestic awe—his imposing gravity is stern like heavy frost, commanding respect without severity. Fifth, expansive wisdom—his mind is like an armory, uniquely gifted and surpassing. Sixth, venerable age—his hoary, dignified years command the submission of worldly conduct. Seventh, pure conduct—his deeds are like an unblemished white jade tablet, what he does matching what he says. Eighth, complete propriety—his decorum and orderly manners are models for the world. Ninth, praise from above—he is respected by the One Man (the Emperor). Tenth, allegiance from below—he is one to whom all within the Four Seas give allegiance." The Jingming shu says: "The eminent persons within the realm who are called elders must be of noble lineage. Even if one is of noble lineage, if one's official rank is lowly, it does not match the clan's reputation. Even with high rank, if one is poor and devoid of wealth and virtue, the world does not esteem one. Even if wealth is accumulated, without imperial favor one lacks awe-inspiring prestige, and others will not respect or fear one. Even with great power, if one's spiritual capacity is dim and deficient, wise people look down on one. Even with spiritual comprehension and clear insight, if one's age is young, people's sentiments do not bow to one. Even with advanced age and white hair, if one's inner conduct is vile and base, people despise and find it strange. Even if one's conduct is without blemish, if one lacks outer ritual decorum, there is nothing to gaze upon with admiration. Even if one's demeanor is measured and composed, if one does not harmonize with those above, one's fame will not penetrate far. Even if praised by the noble and wealthy, if no grace reaches those below, others will not venerate one. Therefore, only when endowed with these ten virtues can one be called an elder."