翻譯名義集 3.7

3.7

【斫迦羅伐辣底曷羅闍】或遮迦越羅，此云轉輪王。《俱舍》云：「從此洲人壽無量歲，乃至八萬歲，有轉輪王生。減八萬時，有情富樂，壽量損減，眾惡漸盛，非大人器，故無輪王。由輪旋轉應導，威伏一切，名轉輪王。《施設足》說有四種：金、銀、銅、鐵輪應別，如其次第，勝上中下，逆次能王，領一二三四洲（云云）。」契經從勝，但說金輪。故契經言：「若王生在剎帝利種，紹灌頂位，於十五日，受齋戒時，沐浴首身，受勝齋戒。升高臺殿，臣僚輔翼。東方忽有金輪寶現，其輪千輻，具足轂輞，眾相圓淨，如巧匠成，舒妙光明，來應王所，此王定是轉金輪王。轉餘輪王，應知亦爾。」四種輪王，威定諸方，亦有差別。謂金輪者，諸小國王，各自來迎，作如是說：「我等國土，寬廣豐饒，安穩富樂，多諸人眾，惟願天尊，親垂教勅，我等皆是天尊翼從。」若銀輪王，自往彼土，威嚴近至，彼方臣伏。若銅輪王，至彼國已，宣威競德，彼方推勝。若鐵輪王，亦至彼國，現威列陣，剋勝便止。一切輪王，皆無傷害，令伏得勝，各安其所，勸化令修十善業道。故輪王死，定得生天。慈恩云：「金輪望風順化，銀輪遣使方降，銅輪震威乃服；鐵輪奪戈始定。」

【Cakravartirāja】Or cakravartin; here translated as "wheel-turning king" (zhuanlunwang). The Kośa states: "From the time when human lifespan in this continent is immeasurable years down to eighty thousand years, wheel-turning kings are born. When the lifespan decreases below eighty thousand, though sentient beings have wealth and joy, their lifespan decreases and various evils gradually flourish; they are no longer vessels for great beings, and thus there are no wheel-turning kings. Because the turning of the wheel responds and guides, overpowering and subduing all, they are called wheel-turning kings. The Prajñaptipāda speaks of four kinds: the responses of gold, silver, copper, and iron wheels differ; according to their sequence, superior, high, medium, and lower, in reverse order they rule over one, two, three, or four continents, and so forth." Sūtras follow the superior and speak only of the golden-wheel [king]. Thus a sūtra states: "If a king is born into the kṣatriya caste and inherits the anointed throne, on the fifteenth day, when observing the precepts, he bathes his head and body and takes the supreme precepts. He ascends to a high terrace palace, attended by his ministers. Suddenly in the east, a golden wheel treasure appears, with a thousand spokes, complete with hub and rim, all features perfect and pure as if fashioned by a skilled artisan, emitting exquisite light and coming to the king's presence—this king is definitely a golden-wheel-turning king. Know that the other wheel-turning kings are also like this." The four kinds of wheel kings also differ in how their majesty pacifies the various directions. That is to say, for the golden-wheel king, the kings of small states all come to welcome him, saying: 'Our lands are vast, abundant, secure, wealthy, and joyous, with many peoples. We only pray that the Heavenly Honored One personally deign to instruct us; we are all the Heavenly Honored One's attendants.' For the silver-wheel king, he goes to their lands himself, and as his majesty approaches, they submit as ministers. For the copper-wheel king, after arriving in their country, he displays majesty and competes in virtue, whereupon they concede superiority. For the iron-wheel king, he also goes to their country, displays his might, and arranges battle formations; once victorious, he halts. All wheel kings commit no harm; causing others to submit and triumphing over them, they settle each in their place and exhort them to cultivate the path of the ten wholesome deeds. Therefore, when a wheel king dies, he is certain to be born in heaven. Ci'en states: 'The golden wheel transforms with people yielding simply on hearing of his approach; the silver wheel causes surrender only when envoys are dispatched; the copper wheel subdues only upon brandishing majesty; the iron wheel pacifies only after taking up weapons.'"