翻譯名義集 4.5

4.5

【修多羅】或修單蘭，或修妬路。《西域記》：「名素怛覽。舊曰修多羅，訛也。」或言無翻，含五義故。《摭華》云：「義味無盡，故喻涌泉；能生妙善，故號出生；揩定邪正，故譬繩墨；能示正理，故名顯示；貫穿諸法，故曰結鬘。含此五義，故不可翻（出《雜心論》）。」或言有翻，《妙玄》明有五譯：「一翻經，二翻論，三翻法本，四翻線，五翻善語教。」天台定云：「今且據一名以為正翻，亦不使二家有怨。何者？從古及今，譯梵為漢，皆題為經。若餘翻是正，何不改作線契？若傳譯僉然，則經正，明矣！以此方周孔之教，名為五經，故以經字翻修多羅。然其眾典，雖單題經，諸論所指，皆曰契經。所謂契理、契機，名契經也。」《摭華》云：「契理則合於二諦，契機則符彼三根。」經者，訓常、訓法。《妙玄》云：「天魔外道不能改壞，名為教常。真正不雜，無能踰過，名為行常。湛然不動，決無異趣，名為理常。又訓法者，法可軌；行可軌；理可軌。」《佛地論》云：「經者，貫攝為義，貫穿所應知義，攝持所化眾生。」慈恩云：「為常，為法；是攝，是貫。常則道軌百王，法乃德模萬𮑒，攝乃集斯妙義，貫乃御彼庸生。庶令同出苦津，終歸覺岸。」

【Sūtra】 Also [transliterated as] *xiū dān lán* or *xiū dù lù*. The *Xiyu ji* states: "It is called *sūtra* (sùtǎnlǎn); the old form *sūtra* (xiūduōluó) is erroneous." Some say it is not to be translated because it contains five meanings. The *Zhihua* states: "Its doctrinal flavours are inexhaustible, hence it is compared to a gushing spring; it can give birth to exquisite goodness, hence it is called producing; it sets the standard for the deviant and the correct, hence it is likened to the carpenter's marking-line; it can display the correct principle, hence it is named revealing; it threads together all dharmas, hence it is called stringing a garland. Because it contains these five meanings, it cannot be translated (from the *Saṃyuktābhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra*)." Others say it can be translated. The *Miaoxuan* explains that there are five translations: "First, translated as scripture (*jīng*); second, translated as treatise (*lùn*); third, translated as root of the Dharma (*fǎběn*); fourth, translated as thread (*xiàn*); fifth, translated as teaching of good speech (*shànyǔjiào*)." Tiantai decided: "For now, relying on one name to serve as the correct translation will also prevent resentment between the two parties. Why? From ancient times to the present, in translating from Sanskrit into Chinese, all have been entitled *jīng* (scripture). If other translations were correct, why did they not change it to 'thread tally'? If the tradition of translation has been unanimous, then *jīng* being the correct [rendering] is clear! Because the teachings of the Duke of Zhou and Confucius in this land are called the Five Classics (*wǔjīng*), the character *jīng* was therefore used to translate *sūtra*. Yet although the various scriptures are titled simply as *jīng*, what the various treatises refer to is always *qìjīng* (tallying scripture; sūtra). What tallies with principle and tallies with capacity is called a 'tallying scripture'." The *Zhihua* states: "Tallying with principle accords with the two truths; tallying with capacity matches the three faculties." As for *jīng*, it is glossed as constant (*cháng*) and glossed as model (*fǎ*). The *Miaoxuan* states: "That heavenly māras and non-Buddhists cannot alter or destroy it is called constancy of teaching. That it is true, correct, and unmixed, such that none can surpass it, is called constancy of practice. That it is tranquil, unmoving, and definitely has no divergent paths is called constancy of principle. Furthermore, as glossed as model: the teaching can serve as a model; practice can serve as a model; principle can serve as a model." The *Buddhabhūmi-śāstra* states: "A scripture has the meaning of stringing together and encompassing: stringing together the meanings that ought to be known, and encompassing and sustaining the sentient beings to be converted." Ci'en states: "It is constant, it is a model; it encompasses, it strings together. As constant, its path is a guide for a hundred kings; as a model, its virtue is a pattern for ten thousand generations; encompassing, it gathers these subtle meanings; stringing together, it directs those common beings—hoping to cause all together to emerge from the ford of suffering and ultimately return to the shore of enlightenment."