翻譯名義集 6.7

6.7

【[ㄙ/(刃*工*刃)/一/(、*、*、)/口]】音萬，是吉祥勝德之相，由髮右旋而生，似[ㄙ/(刃*工*刃)/一/(、*、*、)/口]字，梵云塞縛悉底迦。此云有樂。有此相者，必有安樂。若卍、𬼃、萬、萬字，是此方字。宋《高僧傳》明翻譯四例：一、翻字不翻音，諸經呪詞是也；二、翻音不翻字，如《華嚴》中𬼃字是也，以此方萬字翻之，而字體猶是梵書；三、音字俱翻，經文是也；四、音字俱不翻，西來梵夾是也。

【[ㄙ/(刃*工*刃)/一/(、*、*、)/口]】 Pronounced wan, it is the mark of supreme auspicious virtue, arising from the hair curling to the right, resembling the character [ㄙ/(刃*工*刃)/一/(、*、*、)/口]. In Sanskrit it is called svastika. Here it is translated as 'having happiness'. One who has this mark will surely have peace and happiness. Graphs such as 卍, 𬼃, 萬, and 万 are characters of this land. The Song Gaoseng zhuan clarifies the four categories of translation: first, translating the character but not the sound, which are the words of mantras in the various sūtras; second, translating the sound but not the character, such as the character 𬼃 in the Avataṃsaka, which is translated by the character wan of this land, while the script remains Sanskrit; third, translating both sound and character, which is the sūtra text; fourth, translating neither sound nor character, which are the palm-leaf manuscripts from the west.