翻譯名義集 7.18

7.18

【窣堵波】《西域記》云：「浮圖。又曰偷婆，又曰私偷簸，皆訛也。」此翻方墳，亦翻圓塚，亦翻高顯。義翻靈廟。劉熙《釋名》云：「廟者，貌也，先祖形貌所在也。」又梵名塔婆，《發軫》曰：「《說文》元無此字。」徐鉉新加云：「西國浮圖也。言浮圖者，此翻聚相。」《戒壇圖經》云：「原夫塔字，此方字書，乃是物聲。本非西土之號。若依梵本，瘞（猗厲）佛骨所，名曰塔婆。後分經，佛告阿難：『佛般涅槃，荼毘既訖，一切四眾，收取舍利，置七寶瓶。當於拘尸那城內，四衢道中，起七寶塔，高十三層，上有輪相（云云）。辟支佛塔，應十一層；阿羅漢塔，成以四層，亦以眾寶而嚴飾之。其轉輪王亦七寶成，無復層級。何以故？未脫三界諸有苦故。』《十二因緣經》八種塔，並有露槃。佛塔八重，菩薩七重，辟支佛六重，四果五重，三果四，二果三，初果二，輪王一。凡僧但蕉葉火珠而已。」（言輪相者，《僧祇》云：「佛造迦葉佛塔，上施槃蓋，長表輪相，經中多云相輪，以人仰望而瞻相也。」）

[Stūpa] The Xiyu ji says: "Futu; also called toupo, and also called sitoubo—these are all corruptions." Here it is translated as "square tumulus," also as "round mound," and also as "lofty and manifest." By meaning, it is translated as "spirit shrine." Liu Xi's Shiming says: "A shrine (miao) means appearance (mao); it is where the bodily form and appearance of ancestors reside." It is also called tūpa in Sanskrit. The Fazhen says: "The Shuowen originally lacked this character [ta 塔]." Xu Xuan newly added: "It is the futu of the Western countries. As for futu, here it is translated as 'accumulated signs.'" The Jietan tuxing says: "As for the character ta, in the dictionaries of this land it represents the sound of an object. Originally it was not a name from the Western lands. If based on the Sanskrit texts, the place where the Buddha's bones are interred is named thūpa. In the Latter Part of the [Nirvāṇa] Sūtra, the Buddha told Ānanda: 'After the Buddha's parinirvāṇa and the completion of the cremation, all fourfold assemblies shall collect the śarīra and place them in vases made of the seven treasures. You should, within the city of Kuśinagara, at the crossroads, erect a stupa of the seven treasures thirteen stories high, with wheel-signs on top (and so forth). A pratyekabuddha's stupa should be eleven stories; an arhat's stupa shall be made of four stories, also adorned with manifold gems. That of a wheel-turning king is also made of the seven treasures, but without additional tiers. Why is this? Because he has not yet escaped the sufferings of worldly existences in the three realms.' The Sūtra of the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination describes eight kinds of stupas, all having dew basins: the Buddha's stupa has eight tiers, a bodhisattva's seven tiers, a pratyekabuddha's six tiers, the fourth fruition five tiers, the third fruition four, the second fruition three, the first fruition two, and a wheel-turning king one. For ordinary monks there are only plantain leaves and fire pearls." (Regarding the "wheel-signs", the Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya says: "When the Buddha built a stupa for Kāśyapa Buddha, he placed basin-canopies above it, with a tall staff displaying wheel-signs; in the sūtras they are mostly called 'sign-wheels' (xianglun), because people gaze upward to look upon their signs.")