翻譯名義集 7.18

7.18

[Stūpa] The Xiyu ji says: "Futu; also called toupo, and also called sitoubo—these are all corruptions." Here it is translated as "square tumulus," also as "round mound," and also as "lofty and manifest." By meaning, it is translated as "spirit shrine." Liu Xi's Shiming says: "A shrine (miao) means appearance (mao); it is where the bodily form and appearance of ancestors reside." It is also called tūpa in Sanskrit. The Fazhen says: "The Shuowen originally lacked this character [ta 塔]." Xu Xuan newly added: "It is the futu of the Western countries. As for futu, here it is translated as 'accumulated signs.'" The Jietan tuxing says: "As for the character ta, in the dictionaries of this land it represents the sound of an object. Originally it was not a name from the Western lands. If based on the Sanskrit texts, the place where the Buddha's bones are interred is named thūpa. In the Latter Part of the [Nirvāṇa] Sūtra, the Buddha told Ānanda: 'After the Buddha's parinirvāṇa and the completion of the cremation, all fourfold assemblies shall collect the śarīra and place them in vases made of the seven treasures. You should, within the city of Kuśinagara, at the crossroads, erect a stupa of the seven treasures thirteen stories high, with wheel-signs on top (and so forth). A pratyekabuddha's stupa should be eleven stories; an arhat's stupa shall be made of four stories, also adorned with manifold gems. That of a wheel-turning king is also made of the seven treasures, but without additional tiers. Why is this? Because he has not yet escaped the sufferings of worldly existences in the three realms.' The Sūtra of the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination describes eight kinds of stupas, all having dew basins: the Buddha's stupa has eight tiers, a bodhisattva's seven tiers, a pratyekabuddha's six tiers, the fourth fruition five tiers, the third fruition four, the second fruition three, the first fruition two, and a wheel-turning king one. For ordinary monks there are only plantain leaves and fire pearls." (Regarding the "wheel-signs", the Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya says: "When the Buddha built a stupa for Kāśyapa Buddha, he placed basin-canopies above it, with a tall staff displaying wheel-signs; in the sūtras they are mostly called 'sign-wheels' (xianglun), because people gaze upward to look upon their signs.")