翻譯名義集 1.32

1.32

*Bhagavat* (婆伽婆): Master Huilin says: 'Bhagavat is the supreme name encompassing all virtues.' The Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa says: 'First, it means having virtue; second, it means skillfully distinguishing all dharmas; third, it means having great fame, such that none has attained fame like the Buddha; fourth, it means being able to destroy lust, anger, and delusion.' The newer rendering says Bhagavat (薄伽梵), a name possessing six meanings. The Buddhabhūmi-śāstra says: 'The term Bhagavat operates according to six meanings: 1. sovereignty, 2. blazing brilliance, 3. majesty, 4. fame, 5. auspiciousness, and 6. honor. The verse says: "Sovereignty, blazing brilliance, and majesty, / Fame, auspiciousness, and honor; / Such six virtues having their meanings perfected, / Hence the name Bhagavat is proclaimed." What does this mean? Because the Tathāgata is never bound to any afflictions, he possesses the meaning of sovereignty. Because he is refined and tempered by the blazing fire of wisdom, he possesses the meaning of blazing brilliance. Because he is adorned with the wondrous thirty-two marks of a great being and the like, he possesses the meaning of majesty. Because he is perfected in all superior virtues and there is nothing he does not know, he possesses the meaning of fame. Because all worldly beings draw near, make offerings, and universally praise him, he possesses the meaning of auspiciousness. Because he possesses all virtues and constantly initiates skillful means to benefit and bring peace to all sentient beings without remiss or neglect, he possesses the meaning of honor.' Master Xuanzang of the Tang dynasty explained the five kinds of untranslated terms: 1. untranslated because of secrecy, such as dhāraṇīs; 2. untranslated because of manifold meanings, such as Bhagavat containing six meanings; 3. untranslated because the thing is absent here, such as the jambu tree; 4. untranslated to accord with antiquity, such as anuttara-bodhi, which could actually be translated, but since Kāśyapa Mātanga's time the Sanskrit sound has been retained; 5. untranslated to give rise to wholesome reverence, such as prajñā being profound and reverent, whereas "wisdom" is light and shallow; to make people give rise to respect, it is therefore not translated.